一种新的循环谱统计量频谱感知算法

为了提高认知无线电中感知用户对授权用户(主用户)的检测概率,提出一种新的基于循环谱统计量的主用户信号检测算法.该算法利用循环谱离散频域平滑方法,对信号的循环谱在循环频率处建立合理的检测统计量,然后求解得到对应不同虚警概率的判决门限,以使感知用户能检测信噪比更低的授权用户信号.该算法具有检测结构简单,易实现的特点.仿真结果表明,在高斯白噪声信道中,虚警概率为0.1,频域平滑累积次数为255,在信噪比为-16 dB的条件下,与Dandawate-Giannakis(DG)方法相比,本文算法的检测概率提高23%.     

过零双门限协作频谱感知算法

应用过零双门限协作频谱感知算法估计无线电频谱的占用状态,研究了认知用户个数、计算所用的采样点数、不同信噪比及判决系数对检测概率的影响,并与传统双门限能量检测、差分双门限能量检测算法的检测性能进行了对比研究,发现在信噪比为-5 dB,判决系数为0. 05,虚警概率小于等于0. 8时,过零双门限检测方法单认知用户检测性能明显优于其他2种检测方法;当信噪比均为-5 dB,参与协作感知的认知用户个数小于6时,过零双门限协作检测算法性能明显优于其他2种算法;在虚警概率恒定的情况下,增加计算所用的采样点数或增大判决系数能够明显提高检测概率;在虚警概率恒定情况下,算法检测概率随着信噪比增大而增大,当信噪比为-7 dB时,检测概率趋近于1;在相同的检测条件下,过零双门限协作检测算法的虚警概率要明显低于差分双门限检测的虚警概率。结果表明:过零双门限协作频谱感知算法可以降低系统的虚警概率,有效解决噪声不确定性问题,进一步提高系统感知性能。     

基于EEF准则的认知无线电合作频谱感知

频谱感知是认知无线电的一个重要组成部分.提出了一种基于指数嵌入族(exponentially embedded family,EEF)准则的合作频谱感知算法.与传统方式下所有合作用户皆参加检测的方法不同,提出的算法依靠用户选择机制,并且不需要知晓授权用户信号的任何先验信息.该算法先对参与合作频谱感知的认知用户进行筛选,然后在筛选出的最优用户频谱观测数据的基础上生成全局检测统计量(global decision statistic,GTS),最后对授权用户是否存在做出全局判决.仿真表明,在虚警概率保持不变的情况下,进行最优用户选择(optimal user selection,OUS)的合作频谱感知算法的检测概率优于未进行最优用户选择的算法.     

能量检测中的BPSK信号最优检测门限

在认知无线电中,授权用户对主用户进行频谱感知时,会存在使得虚警与漏检概率之和最小的最优检测门限。以研究高斯白噪声环境下BPSK信号的有效检测问题为目的。通过对能量检测统计量的数学分布进行理论推导,将最优检测门限问题转化为和值最小的求解问题,给出了由采样点数、噪声方差、信噪比所决定的最优检测门限计算公式,并给出证明。在不同信噪比下对和值曲线变化规律的仿真说明了最优检测门限的存在性。通过对文中门限和恒虚警概率门限下的检测概率性能分析、文中门限和恒检测概率门限下的虚警概率性能分析、以及不同指标变化时其他2种门限向文中门限收敛的性能分析,说明了最优检测门限下的检测性能较优。此外,蒙特卡洛实验验证了理论分析的正确性。     

基于迭代用户选择的合作频谱感知算法

针对认知无线电中经典频谱感知算法 (能量检测、算术几何平均、信号特征值子空间、最大特征值检测)存在不同程度缺陷的问题,为了进一步提高频谱感知算法的检测性能,提出了基于迭代用户选择(iterative user selection, IUS)的合作频谱感知算法。该算法先对参与合作感知的全部认知用户进行选择,然后在选出的部分用户频谱观测数据的基础上,生成全局检验统计量(global decision statistic, GTS),以此做出授权用户(primary user, PU)信号是否存在的全局判决。仿真结果显示,在虚警概率保持不变的情况下,进行迭代用户选择后,合作频谱感知的检测概率要优于未进行用户选择时的算法。与经典频谱感知算法相比较, IUS的合作频谱感知算法不需要任何先验信息,且以较少的频谱观测数据达到较好的检测性能。     

基于注水原理的认知无线电协作频谱感知加权算法

协作频谱感知算法在提高频谱检测概率的同时也增加了控制信道开销,如何降低控制开销成为协作感知的关键技术之一.提出基于注水原理的加权协作检测算法,算法采用基于信噪比的能量检测器,根据检测信号的信噪比,用注水原理计算和分配权值,确定感知贡献,删除无效检测和传输.结果表明,提出的算法提高了检测概率,同时平均感知比特数下降,减少了控制信道开销.     

主用户具有AF中继辅助的协作频谱感知及最佳用户数分析

将主用户具有放大转发（amplify-forword,AF）中继辅助的检测模型与多个感知用户进行协作频谱感知的模型相结合,得到主用户具有AF中继协作的新模型。为减少系统开销,综合参数的影响,推导出其检测概率与虚警概率表达式,并在分析报告信道衰落环境下,通过此模型的中继放大可适当缓解衰落所带来的性能损失;进一步验证最佳参与协作用户数的存在性,设计了基于用户取值区间的搜索算法,以探索中继放大增益及错误报告概率对最佳用户数的影响。通过仿真表明,该模型能有效提高检测性能,并能在给定虚警概率下最大化检测概率时,选择合适的参数对：中继放大增益和最佳参与用户数。     

协作感知门限自适应优化

 在频谱感知过程中,采用协作感知的方式对空间内多个节点的感知结果进行融合,可以消除路径阴影和深度衰落情况的影响,有效提高结果的准确性和可靠性。基于加权融合的协作判决准则,为了保证融合结果的检测概率和虚警概率达到标准,需要使每个节点的感知结果均达到相应的标准。因此提出通过对每个感知节点设定合适的感知门限进行优化。首先对各感知节点的进行分析,可以得到每个节点在检测概率和虚警概率一定的条件下,感知门限与节点权值的关系,其次通过遗传算法对权值的优化实现权值优化--感知门限优化的自适应优化过程。最后通过仿真验证该方法可以高效准确地实现感知门限的自适应优化,从而保证了协作频谱感知的实际性能。     

高能效认知自适应两阶段协作频谱感知算法

针对协作频谱感知技术存在产生多余的传输开销和次用户能量消耗的不足,提出了结合双阈值能量检测模型和两步检测模型的自适应协作频谱感知(CATS)算法,在保证检测性能的前提下降低能量消耗.首先给出了CATS的数学模型,然后对CATS的检测概率和能量消耗进行了理论分析.CATS在第一阶段的检测结果不准确的情况下,才执行第二阶段的感知,并根据第一阶段的检测结果以及网络状况自适应调整两个阶段参与协作的次用户数目.仿真结果表明:与现有的两步检测协作模型相比,CATS算法在保证系统检测精度的同时能够有效减少系统的能量消耗.     

可变阈值因子的快速自适应门限检测算法

针对基于排序类自适应门限算法运算量大的问题,提出了利用可变的第k小元素替代排序类噪声能量估计的快速自适应门限检测算法.其中对第k小元素的取值仅采用快速排序算法的少次迭代过程,不须要排序完整的检测统计量,可实现快速噪声能量估计,以此作为自适应门限的参变量,结合相应的可变阈值因子达到快速自适应门限判决检测的目的.分析了检测概率和虚警概率以及运算复杂度,仿真对比了该算法与排序类自适应门限算法检测概率和虚警概率.结果表明:当有信号发送时,该算法与排序类检测算法检测概率基本一致,虚警概率有所减小;当没有信号发送时,相同阈值因子情况下,随着k值的增大,虚警概率越来越小.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-