Study of the Development Road Map of China’s Renewable Energy

Renewable energy （RE） has been attached high attention around the world due to its carbon-free and indigenous production in a sustainable way. China enjoys plenty of renewable energy resources, particularly the wind, solar, hydro- and biomass energy, which could be a sound basis for a large-scale exploitation. This report examines the current status of RE technology and industry, analyzes the challenges of promoting RE in China. In order to pave the way for a long-term development of RE, this paper outlines the basic principles and priorities for individual RE technology. In line with these, the paper puts forward the RE targets and further describes the RE road map by 2020, 2030 and extend to 2050, taking consideration of China＇ s RE resources, industrial basis and energy demand etc. At last, this paper provides some recommendations to ensure the achievements of the RE targets.     

Development of renewable energy in China： significance ＆ strategic objectives

Based on CAE＇s research report, this paper illustrates the background and purposes of the development strategy research of renewable energy in China, emphasizes the significance of developing renewable energy in China, gives the strategic positions and development objectives of renewable energy in China in the first half of 21^st century and contributes to green house gas emissions reduction and environmental protection in China.     

海上风电施工

<正>风电作为绿色可再生能源,取之不尽、用之不竭,是一种极为重要、有效的替代能源,有助于缓解我国目前优质能源供应不足的现状,减轻能源进口的压力。相比于陆上风电,海上风力发电具有广阔的空间,占地资源少,且风力和风能密度更大,风机单机容量也显著提高,并靠近电力负荷中心,免去了长距离输送的麻烦,更具发展潜力。我公司参加了2010年国内首批海上风电特许权招投标,并长期跟踪国内某电力集团位于沿海某省的150MW海上风电示范场工程。依据工程现场以及我公司自有资源情况,总结研究出了一套完整的海     

Layered Multi-mode Optimal Control Strategy for Multi-MW Wind Turbine

The control strategy is one of the most important renewable technology, and an increasing number of multi- MW wind turbines are being developed with a variable speed-variable pitch （ VS-VP ） technology. The main objective of adopting a VS-VP technology is to improve the fast response speed and capture maximum energy. But the power generated by wind turbine changes rapidly because of the continuous fluctuation of wind speed and direction. At the same time, wind energy conversion systems are of high order, time delays and strong nonlinear characteristics because of many uncertain factors. Based on analyzing the all dynamic processes of wind turbine, a kind of layered multi-mode optimal control strategy is presented which is that three control strategies： bang-bang, fuzzy and adaptive proportional integral derivative （PID） are adopted according to different stages and expected performance of wind turbine to capture optimum wind power, compensate the nonlinearity and improve the wind turbine performance at low, rated and high wind speed.     

China’s bioenergy industry development roadmap

Positive development of renewable energy, saving and substitution of fossil energy, promotion of the energy structure adjustment are the inevitable strategy choices of China＇ s sustainable development. This paper discussed the China＇ s bioenergy resources status, development targets and technology development roadmaps. China has 136. 140 million hm^2 of marginal land, which distribute mainly in western and northern regions. There are 1 billion t of crop residues and forestry waste annually, and 300 million t can be used to produce different kinds of bioenergies. And organic waste and manure can generate 50 billion m3 of biogas. The discussed development target indicated that it can construct a biomass oilfield with the capacity of 100 million t/year and reduce 200 million t of CO2 emission by 2020. The bioenergy technology development roadmap indicated that the bioethanol mainly uses non grain starch and hemicellulose products as raw materials in the near-term （2006 -2010）. The biodiesel technology will focus on the advanced production technology, FT diesel, liquefaction of biomass and raw material production technology.     

放个风筝去高空发电

<正>说到清洁能源,许多同学会想到风能。风能是一种用之不竭、没有污染的再生能源。风力发电有诸多优越性,也有一些缺陷。如风力发电场占用大片土地,耗用大量材料;地面风能不稳定,持续稳定的强风区不多;大型风力发电机易对迁徙候鸟造成致命伤害……     

Research on Planning ＆ Evaluaion for Track Traffic Under China’s Sustainable Development Strategy

The author advances some basic problems of planning ＆ evaluating for track traffic in the proeess of putting sustainable develop-ment strategy in practice and stresses the study of planning and evaluating methiod system for track traffic and environment strategy.sum-maries and main creative points presented in the thesis are as follows:①The changes of track traffic planning obiects cause by the concept of sustainable development are analyzed;②The theory ＆?A method of tracd planning optimal decision isset up ;③Environment im-pact assessment for track traffic planning is advanced;⑤Urbun mass transit network plannin is studied;④Planning of intrcity rail sys-tem——the alignment ofptimizattion of deicated passenger line and high speed railway line is studied;⑥An overall evaluation index sys-tem for sustainable development of track traffic planning is estahlished;⑦The track traffie building capacity for sustainable development is studied.Further more,the effect of the mehod and models with empirical studies is verified.The corresponding pplication software is re-alized to provide information service and decision-making support to traffic planning for putting theory into practice.     

Simulation study of China’s net primary production

Spatial and temporal distribution of vegetation net primary production （NPP） in China was studied using three light-use efficiency models （CASA, GLOPEM and GEOLUE） and two mechanistic ecological process models （CEVSA, GEOPRO）. Based on spatial and temporal analysis （e.g. monthly, seasonally and annually） of simulated results from ecological process mechanism models of CASA, GLOPEM and CEVSA, the following conclusions could be made： （1） during the last 20 years, NPP change in China followed closely the seasonal change of climate affected by monsoon with an overall trend of increasing; （2） simulated average seasonal NPP was： 0.571±0.2 GtC in spring, 1.573±0.4 GtC in summer, 0.6±0.2 GtC in autumn, and 0.12±0.1 GtC in winter. Average annual NPP in China was 2.864±1 GtC. All the five models were able to simulate seasonal and spatial features of biomass for different ecological types in China. This paper provides a baseline for China＇s total biomass production. It also offers a means of estimating the NPP change due to afforestation, reforestation, conservation and other human activities and could aid people in using for-mentioned carbon sinks to fulfill China＇s commitment of reducing greenhouse gases.     

Quality vs. quantity of publications in nanotechnology field from the People’s Republic of China

This study evaluates trends in quality of nanotechnology and nanoscience papers produced by authors from the People＇s Republic of China （PRC）. The metric used to gauge quality is ratio of highly cited nanotechnology papers to total nanotechnology papers produced in sequential time frames. The USA is both the most prolific nanotechnology publishing country and most represented country on highly cited nanotechnology papers （both in absolute numbers of highly cited papers and highly cited papers relative to total publications） over the 1998-2003 time frame, based on the SCl/SSCl databases. Some of the smaller hi-tech countries have relatively high ratios （-2） of highly cited papers to total publications （e.g. Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland）. Countries that have exhibited rapid growth in SCl/SSCl nanotechnology paper production in recent years （e.g. PRC, South Korea） had ratios an order of magnitude less than that of the USA for 1998, but by 2003 had increased to about 20% that of the USA （-2.5）. PRC and South Korea have climbed in the publications rankings from 6th and 9th in 1998, respectively, to 2nd and 6th in 2005, respectively. PRC＇s ratio monotonically increased from 0.16 to 0.45 over the 1998-2003 period, and South Korea＇s ratio increased from 0.11 to about 0.6 over that same period, indicating their papers are getting more and more citations proportionately. Thus, under rapid growth conditions, PRC and South Korea have been able to increase their share of participation in highly cited papers. As of 2003, PRC and South Korea have ratios comparable to nations like Japan, France, Italy, and Australia but not yet approaching those of the highly cited countries. None of the top ten publications producing institutions are from the USA, while all of the top ten highly cited publications producers are from the USA. Over the 1998-2003 time period, the top six total publications producing institutions （globally） remained the same, with Chinese Academy of Sciences （which consists     

The New Detection and the Basic Characteristics of the Structural System of Taiwan Region of China—Using the Earth Satellite’s Remote-sensing Images to Explain the Structural System of Taiwan Region of China

This text uses the regional geological investigation data and the remote sensing image data of earthsatellite remote sensing to synthetically analyze the structural system of Taiwan region of China. Authors detection-marked and assurance-marked and divided 5 kinds of structural system of the Taiwan region： （ 1 ） the wreath-shaped structural system, （2） the N-N-E oriented structural system, （3） the S-N oriented structural system, （4） the N-E oriented structural system, （5） the are-shaped structural system. Combination of the texture faces and associated method were adopted to recover and reconstruct the structural evolution sequences and the formation periods. In this paper, problems such as the development process in geology etc. are also discussed, contributing new information to research the structural field of the East Asia and its tectonic plate movements and structural actions inside the land plate .     

风电场储能容量合理取值范围分析

风电场配置适当的储能容量可以有效改善因风速变化而造成的输出功率波动。针对怎样选取储能容量较为经济合理问题,在结合一种所需储能容量计算方法的基础上,提出了评判风电场输出改善效果的两种指标。通过详细分析储能容量合理取值受到的各种影响因素,利用储能容量成本及风电场输出功率平滑效果辅助判据,得出风电场储能容量合理的取值范围。     

储能技术在风电并网中的应用研究进展

简要介绍了储能技术的分类与应用范围,指出了大规模风电并网面临的主要问题.针对风电并网带来的系统稳定性、风电机组的低电压穿越、风电穿透功率、电能质量及系统运行经济性等方面的问题,详细阐述了基于储能技术的解决方案,并分析了各方案的优缺点.基于已有的研究成果,结合储能技术的特点,提出了储能技术在风电并网中应用的原则意见.     

吉林省风能资源利用现状及弃风解决方案探讨

为有效应对吉林省风电发展中的弃风问题,对吉林省风能分布、利用状况进行综述,利用统计数据对吉林省风能资源特点及风力发电出力规律特性进行分析和总结,并提出具有可操作性的解决吉林省弃风问题的方案,力求构建吉林省新型能源消费结构,以新能源替代和抑制常规非再生能源的消费增长,为吉林省节能减排及低碳经济发展探索新思路。     

海上大功率风浪复合发电装备设计与研究

充分利用海洋能源,是人类实现可持续发展的重要途径.海洋能源中海上风能和波浪能储量尤其显著,综合利用海上风能和波浪能是可再生能源利用领域的研究热点.设计了全新的海上风浪复合发电装备,将无规则、不稳定的风能和波浪能均通过液压能转换为电能,同时设计了包含5个装备的单排复合发电场,综合计算和部分实验表明,该发电装备和发电场的功...     

基于MM5模式的大连近海地区风能资源评估

利用MM5中尺度气象模式和美国国家环境预报中心提供的1°×1°再分析初始场资料,对大连近海地区的风场进行了网格距为3km的高空间分辨率数值模拟,模拟时段为2000年全年.通过对比3个气象站风速的数值结果与站点观测结果,验证了该模式的有效性.对MM5模式的输出结果进行了后处理,得到了大连近海地区的年平均风速、年平均功率密度和年可利用时间等评估参数的等值线图,对大连市近海风能资源分布情况进行了分析.结果表明,大连近海地区风能资源较为丰富,具有较大的开发价值.     

Assessment of wind energy potential in China

China wind atlas was made by numerical simulation and the wind energy potential in China was calculated. The model system for wind energy resource assessment was set up based on Canadian Wind Energy Simulating Toolkit （WEST） and the simulating method was as follows. First, the weather classes were obtained depend on meteorological data of 30 years. Then, driven by the initial meteorological field produced by each weather class, the meso-scale model ran for the distribution of wind energy resources according each weather class condition one by one. Finally, averaging all the modeling output weighted by the occurrence frequency of each weather class, the annual mean distribution of wind energy resources was worked out. Compared the simulated wind energy potential with other results from several activities and studies for wind energy resource assessment, it is found that the simulated wind energy potential in mainland of China is 3 times that from the second and the third investigations for wind energy resources by CMA, and is similar to the wind energy potential obtained by NREL in Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment （SWERA） project. The simulated offshore wind energy potential of China seems smaller than the true value. According to the simulated results of CMA and considering lots of limited factors to wind energy development, the final conclusion can be obtained that the wind energy availability in China is 700 - 1 200 GW, in which 600 - 1 000 GW is in mainland and 100 - 200 GW is on offshore, and wind power will become the important part of energy composition in future.     

基于PSO算法的风电场储能容量优化计算

本文提出为风电场配置合理容量的储能设备,用于平滑其输出功率的随机波动,并建立了储能容量优化配置的数学模型。该模型以风电弃风率最小化和储能投资成本最小化为多目标函数,以有功功率偏差率来衡量平滑效果,应用粒子群算法（PSO）对该模型进行求解,可以快速、精确地求得最优储能容量值,使得风电场的综合效益实现最优。算例表明,该研究可以较小储能成本及弃风率实现风电场功率的平滑输出。     

考虑风电反调峰特性的储能调峰优化策略

为解决风力发电并网的不确定性导致的电力系统调峰困难问题,提高新能源综合利用率,在深入分析储能调峰原理的基础上提出一种考虑风电调峰特性的储能调峰优化策略.首先介绍风电反调峰特性影响,根据调峰特性确定最低移峰功率和最高填谷功率,接着再综合考虑系统功率平衡约束、储能系统约束和电源测约束的基础上增加调峰可靠性约束,建立以负荷方差最小为目标的系统优化模型,最后构建计及调峰可靠性的评价指标.以某电网阶段时间内负荷数据为基础进行算例分析,对比恒功率策略,仿真结果验证本文方法调峰效果更优.     

低风速风力发电机组造价与度电成本分析

为了提高低风速条件下风力发电机组的经济效益,提出了一种通过合理设计叶片来降低机组度电成本的方法。以相同功率等级、不同叶片长度的3种风力发电机组作为研究对象,在不同风力条件下分别计算各机组的年发电量,利用经验公式对各机组的总成本进行估计。结果表明:机组的度电成本随着平均风速的升高而降低。在平均风速较高的地区,长叶片机组在度电成本上的优势并不明显。而在平均风速较低的地区,机组的年发电量随着叶片的加长而明显增加;尽管总成本有所升高,但度电成本依然得以降低。通过适当减小叶片的最佳叶尖速比、增大风能利用系数也可以降低度电成本。该文还论述了通过合理选择叶片长度、优化翼型以及应用新材料来提高机组经济效益的可行性。     

基于数值模拟的云南省风能资源分布研究

 介绍了利用中尺度气象模式MM5和小尺度诊断模式CALMET组成的风能资源数值模拟模式系统,模拟了2009年6月1日-2010年5月31日1个完整年,1 km水平分辨率下各高度层的风速、风功率密度,给出了云南省风能资源数值模拟分布图.利用云南省4座测风塔的同期实测资料对模拟结果进行验证.最后对云南省风能资源的进一步开发提出了建议.