基于数字图像处理技术的多点动态位移监测

为了解决传统位移测量难以找到参考点、动态采集数据量大和多路同步难以实现的困难,开发了基于数字图像处理技术的多点动态位移测量系统.采用基于区域生长的曲面拟合标定方法和窗口形心跟踪算法,确定物空间与像空间坐标系之间的对应关系,通过比较形心处像素变化得到位移.采用磁盘阵列和同步信号发生器保证海量数据处理和多路相机之间的同步.对振动台上的4层钢框架结构进行了动态位移监测,结果表明:系统可以实现多路动态二维位移的同步采集和处理,位移精度达到0.1mm,同步精度为10ms.     

利用图像变换处理巷道底鼓模拟试验数据

深埋巷道底鼓由于矿井深度增加，地应力加大，岩石呈现明显的流变性质，利用蠕变模拟试验和白光数字散斑图像变换手段，研究了巷道底鼓的发生原理和底板加固、底板切缝两种防治方法；探讨了底板加固、底板切缝后，巷道围岩变形、应力分布和支护应力随时间的变化规律破坏方式；同时分析了底板加固、底板切缝的参数对底鼓灾害的影响程度。     

管线钢落锤撕裂实验断口的图像分割分析

现有的钢材落锤撕裂实验（DWTT）断口测量方法不能基于钢材自身特点进行分析总结,很难准确快速测量出断口区域面积的问题.本文对X70管线钢的DWTT断口形貌进行分析,提出一种基于分水岭和GrabCut算法的图像分割算法,能够快速准确地完成断口区域的图像分割.实验结果表明,落锤撕裂实验（DWTT）断口评定,可快速准确得到评定结果,节约资金并有效提高工作效率.     

小波变换在基于图像处理的金免疫层析测定中的应用

采用小波变换软阈值法有效去除试条图像噪声,根据小波分解后的系数重构图形定位GICA的光谱信号突变点的位置,提取试条光谱特性曲线的特征参量.采用BP神经网络对特征参量与浓度之间的多变量非线性函数关系进行建模,HCG试条测定结果表明,该测定方法相对误差符合要求,适用于GICA的定量测定.     

京津冀地区闪电计数对太阳耀斑爆发的响应

研究 1989～ 1994年间夏季前后 170个 2级以上太阳耀斑对高时空分辨率的LLP80 -0 2型闪电定位系统在此期间于京津冀地区所测的 2 2 732 6个闪电活动的中短期影响 .发现在所覆盖的 6 0 0km× 6 0 0km区域内 ,在河北中西部至渤海湾地区一带闪电次数存在几百公里尺度的负响应区 ,在河北中部的负响应区其差异显著性优于 5× 10 - 3.这一结果表明在此地区太阳耀斑爆发后雷暴活动减弱现象可能是稳定的客观事实 .它对太阳活动影响短期天气的传统机理提出了新的挑战 ,也为进一步的研究提供了新的事实根据 .     

Measurement of femtometre-scale atomic displacements by X-ray absorption spectroscopy

The frequencies of extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) measurements, which are oscillations occurring on the high-energy side of an X-ray absorption edge, can be used to identify interatomic distances in materials. We have used a dispersive X-ray spectrometer, which has no moving components, to make rapid measurements with minimal energy drift of the difference in EXAFS from the Fe K edge in an iron-cobalt thin film undergoing periodic strain through magnetostriction. We show that magnetostriction can be detected by differential X-ray absorption. The magnitude of the recorded signal relative to the noise shows a sensitivity to mean differential atomic motion of one femtometre: a factor of 100 times more sensitive than that normally available.     

多层边坡的加权位移反分析方法

利用传统反分析方法对边坡,尤其对含有软弱夹层或者多个土层的边坡进行参数反演研究时,易导致反演结果的不精确。针对分层边坡的位移特点,计算了每个土层的"宏观"位移,并将其用于参数反演。根据滑动面对边坡位移的影响,利用模糊数学中的隶属度概念,求得每个土层的位移权重。在此基础上,构建了新的目标函数,并利用工程实例计算了本文方法和传统方法的目标函数敏感度。结果表明,本文方法的目标函数敏感性较大,效果较好。     

Detection and imaging of atmospheric radio flashes from cosmic ray air showers

The nature of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) at energies >10(20) eV remains a mystery. They are likely to be of extragalactic origin, but should be absorbed within approximately 50 Mpc through interactions with the cosmic microwave background. As there are no sufficiently powerful accelerators within this distance from the Galaxy, explanations for UHECRs range from unusual astrophysical sources to exotic string physics. Also unclear is whether UHECRs consist of protons, heavy nuclei, neutrinos or gamma-rays. To resolve these questions, larger detectors with higher duty cycles and which combine multiple detection techniques are needed. Radio emission from UHECRs, on the other hand, is unaffected by attenuation, has a high duty cycle, gives calorimetric measurements and provides high directional accuracy. Here we report the detection of radio flashes from cosmic-ray air showers using low-cost digital radio receivers. We show that the radiation can be understood in terms of the geosynchrotron effect. Our results show that it should be possible to determine the nature and composition of UHECRs with combined radio and particle detectors, and to detect the ultrahigh-energy neutrinos expected from flavour mixing.     

智能机器人多传感器实验平台的图像伺服系统

结合智能机器人多传感器实验平台的研制工作 ,系统介绍了其图像伺服子系统的工作原理、系统构成以及实现方案 ,涉及图像处理、机器视觉和机器人跟踪控制等相关内容 ,并讨论了物体自动识别和抓取过程中需要注意的一些问题 .     

健美操成套动作表象训练实施的过程与特征

运用运动心理学原理,在阐述了健美操表象训练的理论依据和特征基础上,通过对比分析,对健美操成套动作教学中,采用表象训练的教学方法,提出了具体的教学程序和步骤.实验表明:在健美操成套动作教学中运用表象训练法,可以起到消除学生紧张情绪和提高健美操成套动作学习效果的作用.     

Illusory shifts in visual direction accompany adaptation of saccadic eye movements.

A central problem in human vision is to explain how the visual world remains stable despite the continual displacements of the retinal image produced by rapid saccadic movements of the eyes. Perceived stability has been attributed to 'efferent-copy' signals, representing the saccadic motor commands, that cancel the effects of saccade-related retinal displacements. Here we show, by means of a perceptual illusion, that traditional cancellation theories cannot explain stability. The perceptual illusion was produced by first inducing adaptive changes in saccadic gain (ratio of saccade size to target eccentricity). Following adaptation, subjects experienced an illusory mislocalization in which widely separated targets flashed before and after saccades appeared to be in the same place. The illusion shows that the perceptual system did not take the adaptive changes into account. Perceptual localization is based on signals representing the size of the initially-intended saccade, not the size of the saccade that is ultimately executed. Signals representing intended saccades initiate a visual comparison process used to maintain perceptual stability across saccades and to generate the oculomotor error signals that ensure saccadic accuracy.     

心电微伏T波交替检测的一种方法

为心电微伏T波交替的临床研究寻找一种合适的检测方案,文章对T波交替检测的影响因素——运动方案、信号预处理、QRS复波位置、T波选取及心电信号的相关问题进行了分析,对T波交替检测的算法进行了仿真研究。在此基础上,确定了一种T波交替检测的方案,采用活动平板试验,按照新设计的运动方案,采集运动心电信号,通过功率谱分析,检测其运动过程中T波交替出现的频度和幅度。给出了采用该方案对受试者进行T波交替检测的实例。分析研究及实测结果表明该方案可用于检测微伏T波交替。     

Population coding of saccadic eye movements by neurons in the superior colliculus

The deeper layers of the superior colliculus are involved in the initiation and execution of saccadic (high velocity) eye movements. A large population of coarsely tuned collicular neurons is active before each saccade. The mechanisms by which the signals that precisely control the direction and amplitude of a saccade are extracted from the activity of the population are unknown. It has been assumed that the exact trajectory of a saccade is determined by the activity of the entire population and that information is not extracted from only the most active cells in the population at a subsequent stage of neural processing. The trajectory of a saccade could be based on vector summation of the movement tendencies provided by each member of the population of active neurons or be determined by a weighted average of the vector contributions of each neuron in the active population. Here we present the results of experiments in which a small subset of the active population was reversibly deactivated with lidocaine. These results are consistent with the predictions of the latter population-averaging hypothesis and support the general idea that the direction, amplitude and velocity of saccadic eye movements are based on the responses of the entire population of cells active before a saccadic eye movement.     

三轴试样变形数字图像测量误差和精度分析

计算机数字图像识别技术为三轴试验土样变形测量提供了一种简单并且有效的测量方法,它不仅可以克服常规测试方法存在的诸多缺陷,而且具有相对较高的测试精度,比较详细地分析了土样变形数字图像测量系统的各种可能误差源,讨论了各种误差的影响并提出相应的消除和减少误差的办法,实际测试检定表明,数字图像测量系统在三轴试样变形测量中的应变测量精度为10^-4,高于常规测量方法的测定精度,能够满足土样变形高精度测量的要求。     

基于有限元线法的位移反分析

将有限元线法同岩土工程反分析理论相结合,提出了一种基于有限元线法的反演分析方法,为有限元线法的应用提供了一个新思路,并通过算例表明该方法是可行的。     

沥青混凝土弯曲疲劳试验疲劳损伤分析

针对现有沥青混合料疲劳损伤试验时直接依据刚度或模量计算损伤值而无法真实反映材料微观损伤特性的不足,提出应用反分析方法以得到沥青混凝土的疲劳损伤演化规律。其步骤是：根据沥青混凝土疲劳损伤模型,得到三点弯曲梁试件疲劳损伤力学理论经典解;根据疲劳试验数据确定沥青混凝土材料疲劳损伤模型中的特征参数。应用非线性有限元方法,模拟计算并分析试件疲劳损伤过程中的弯拉应力、挠度、损伤变量、裂纹扩展速率等的变化规律,并预测沥青混凝土试件疲劳寿命及失稳断裂时的裂纹长度。研究结果表明：疲劳寿命的数值模拟结果与试验结果较吻合,证明了所提出的沥青混凝土疲劳损伤模型的合理性和有效性。     

基于并行改进遗传算法的拱坝位移反分析

引入小生境技术和自适应杂交变异概率方法,基于并行有限元程序,给出了适合推求拱坝和地质力学参数的位移反分析并行遗传算法,并编制了相应的程序,利用地质力学模型试验数据,对溪洛渡拱坝进行了位移反分析,得到了和试验相一致的坝体混凝土和地基岩体的力学参数。结果表明,该算法可以有效解决简单遗传算法的早熟收敛问题,收敛效率得到明显提高。当采用16个CPU进行并行计算时,可以达到42%的计算效率,表明该算法适用于拱坝这样复杂的三维结构的位移反分析,可以大大减少拱坝位移反分析的时间。     

埋深对TBM法掘进隧道应力变形的影响

为了研究不同隧道埋深对围岩应力变形和塑性区发展趋势的影响,对TBM法掘进隧道时的围岩稳定性进行有限元数值分析,分析不同埋深条件对围岩应力变形和塑性区发展趋势的影响。计算结果表明,随着埋深的增加,应力、位移、塑性区、发生岩爆的几率都有不同程度的增加。地应力以构造应力为主,洞周不存在拉应力区,塑性区呈环状分布。当埋深较大时,进行管片收敛变形计算时采用MC准则要优于DP准则,当侧压系数增大时,管片应力变形有不同程度的增加。掌子面附近管片收敛较小,往洞口方向收敛变形值逐渐增大,在距掌子面500 m之外的管片收敛变形趋于稳定。