Mechanical,electrical, and thermal properties of the directionally solidified Bi-Zn-Al ternary eutectic alloy

A Bi-2.0Zn-0.2Al (wt%) ternary eutectic alloy was prepared using a vacuum melting furnace and a casting furnace. The samples were directionally solidified upwards at a constant growth rate (V = 18.4 μm/s) under different temperature gradients (G = 1.15–3.44 K/mm) and at a constant temperature gradient (G = 2.66 K/mm) under different growth rates (V = 8.3–500 μm/s) in a Bridgman-type directional solidification furnace. The dependence of microstructure parameter (λ) on the solidification parameters (G and V) and that of the microhardness (Hv) on the microstructure and solidification parameters were investigated. The resistivity (ρ) measurements of the studied alloy were performed using the standard four-point-probe method, and the temperature coefficient of resistivity (α) was calculated from the ρ-T curve. The enthalpy (ΔH) and the specific heat (C_p) values were determined by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. In addition, the thermal conductivities of samples, obtained using the Wiedemann-Franz and Smith-Palmer equations, were compared with the experimental results. The results revealed that, the thermal conductivity values obtained using the Wiedemann-Franz and Smith-Palmer equations for the Bi-2.0Zn-0.2Al (wt%) alloy are in the range of 5.2–6.5 W/Km and 15.2–16.4 W/Km, respectively.     

An investigation on supercooling directional solidification process of Cu-Ni single phase alloy

Supercooling directional solidification (SDS) is put fotward by combination of melt supercooling and conventional solidification by application of supercooling inheritance. On the self-designed SDS equipment, SDS of Cu-Ni alloy was achieved successfully The results are as follows f (i) The primary arm spacing is about 30 μm, the growth of secondary arms are strongly suppressed. The primary arm spacing is nearly the same as LMC method (GL=25 K/mm, V=500 pm/s), the primary stems are straight, fine and completed. with an inclination angle of about 5.8° (ii) A semi-quantitative T-T model is brought fotward to describe the dendrite growth rate V vs. undercooling AT The prediction of T-T model agrees well with experimental results. The formation of fine equiaxed dendrites, transition region and dendrite region can be explained successfully by △T-V-x relation of T-T model.     

Effect of M-EMS on the solidification structure of a steel billet

Effects of mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) on the solidification structure of 45# steel billet were investigated by examination of interdendritic corrosion. The results show that the primary and secondary dendrite arm spacings increase from the edge of the billet to the center and decrease obviously with increasing electromagnetic torque, which will be beneficial to refine the solidification structure and enlarge the equiaxed crystal zone. The ratio of equiaxed crystal increases by 15.9% with the electromagnetic torque increasing from 230 to 400 cN·cm. The increase of stirring intensity can improve the cooling rate and the impact of M-EMS on it reduces from the edge of the billet to the central area, where the cooling rates are similar at different torques. The closer to the central area, the less the influence of M-EMS on the cooling rate is. The ratio of the primary to secondary dendrite arm spacing is approximately 2.0, namely, λ₁≈2λ₂, and is constant irrespective of the stirring intensity and position of the billet. Original position analysis (OPA) results indicate that the center segregation of the billet is greatly improved, and the more uniform and compact solidification structure will be obtained with the increase of stirring intensity.     

Reduction in secondary dendrite arm spacing in cast eutectic Al-Si piston alloys by cerium addition

The effects of Ce on the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) and mechanical behavior of Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys were investigated. The reduction of SDAS at different Ce concentrations was evaluated in a directional solidification experiment via computer-aided cooling curve thermal analysis (CA CCTA). -The results showed that 0.1wt%-1.0wt% Ce addition resulted in a rapid solidification time, △T_S, and low solidification temperature, △T_S, whereas 0.1wt% Ce resulted in a fast solidification time, △ta-Al, of the α-Al phase. Furthermore, Ce addition refined the SDAS, which was reduced to approximately 36%. The mechanical properties of the alloys with and without Ce were investigated using tensile and hardness tests. The quality index (Q) and ultimate tensile strength of (UTS) Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys significantly improved with the addition of 0.1wt% Ce. Moreover, the base alloy hardness was improved with increasing Ce concentration.     

Characteristics of lateral heterogeneities with thermal and chemical origins in the pyrolitic lower mantle

The relative changes between shear and compressional velocities (R_SP = ∂ ln V_S/∂ ln V_P), bulk sound and shear velocities (R_CS = ∂ ln V_C/∂ ln V_S), and density versus shear wave velocity (R_ρS = ∂ ln ρ/∂ ln V_S) in response to thermal and chemical variations were investigated for the pyrolitic lower mantle. For heterogeneities with thermal origins, R_SP increases from 1.7 to 2.0 together with R_ρS decreasing from 0.4 to 0.2 and R_CS = ∼0.27 from the top to the bottom of the lower mantle. In comparison, chemical variations (bulk iron or silica contents) are characterized by R_SP < 1.5 and R_CS > 0.5 at lower mantle depths. Negative values of R_ρS and R_CS are indicative of chemical anomalies in the lower mantle, but a combination of thermal and chemical heterogeneities may be required to produce velocity and density anomalies at the magnitudes observed in seismic data. Further refinement of these characteristics requires data on the higher order pressure and temperature derivatives of the elastic moduli of the constituent phases.     

Effect of M-EMS on the solidification structure of a steel billet

Effects of mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) on the solidification structure of 45# steel billet were investigated by examination of interdendritic corrosion. The results show that the primary and secondary dendrite arm spacings increase from the edge of the billet to the center and decrease obviously with increasing electromagnetic torque, which will be beneficial to refine the solidification structure and enlarge the equiaxed crystal zone. The ratio of equiaxed crystal increases by 15.9% with the electromagnetic torque increasing from 230 to 400 cN·cm. The increase of stirring intensity can improve the cooling rate and the impact of M-EMS on it reduces from the edge of the billet to the central area, where the cooling rates are similar at different torques. The closer to the central area, the less the influence of M-EMS on the cooling rate is. The ratio of the primary to secondary dendrite arm spacing is approximately 2.0, namely, λ1≈2λ2, and is constant irrespective of the stirring intensity and position of the billet. Original position analysis (OPA) results indicate that the center segregation of the billet is greatly improved, and the more uniform and compact solidification structure will be obtained with the increase of stirring intensity.     

Dendrite morphology and evolution mechanism of nickel-based single crystal superalloys grown along the o0014 and o0114 orientations

Nickel-based single crystal superalloys oriented along the o0014 and o0114 lattice directions were produced by a bottom seeding technique in an attempt to understand the evolution mechanism of the dendrite grown along different orientations in the present study. The changes in primary dendrite arm spacing for single crystal with different orientations are also discussed. It was found that the dendrite morphologies of single crystal superalloy grown along o0114 were different from that of o0014. Firstly, the dendrites showed the irregular cruciforms and array in rows in a transverse section. Secondly, no typical primary dendrites were observed but the dendrite morphologies appeared like the letter ‘‘V’’ or ‘‘W’’ in a longitudinal section. The primary dendrite arms grew along the o0014 orientation from the bottom of the sample in the o0014 orientation. However, in the o0114 orientation, the single crystal developed by continuous side-branching along the [001] and [010] orientations. The primary dendrite arm spacing was as the function of the deviation angle f. It indicates that with the increase in the deviation angle f, the primary dendrite arm spacing first increased, and then decreased.     

移动电磁场下低碳钢凝固过程枝晶破碎临界条件

为了探讨移动电磁场对低碳钢凝固过程枝晶破碎的影响,进行了移动电磁场下的0.22%～0.34%C(质量分数)低碳钢浇铸凝固实验.对不同磁感应强度下铸坯凝固组织进行了观察,考察了二次枝晶分布,凝固过程冷却速度与二次枝晶间距的函数关系.同时考察了移动电磁场对铸坯柱状晶向等轴晶转变(CET)位置的影响,并对钢凝固过程CET发生时的凝固速度和固相率进行了计算.导出了移动电磁场下合金凝固过程枝晶破碎的临界条件,并通过低碳钢作实验验证,得到了低碳钢凝固CET发生时临界固相率和液相平均流速之间的关系.     

Effects of Sr addition on the microstructures and mechanical properties of in-situ ZrB_2 nanoparticles reinforced AlSi9Cu3 composites

The effects of Sr addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of in-situ ZrB_2 nanoparticles reinforced AlSi9Cu3 composites synthesized via direct melt reaction were systematically investigated. The addition of Sr could modify the morphology of eutectic silicon particles and refine the second dendrite arm spacing of α-Al dendrites.Alternatively, the ZrB_2 nanoparticles were also refined and distributed more homogenously, and nanoparticle agglomerations were reduced with the addition of Sr element. The results demonstrated that the addition of 0.06 wt% of Sr element can reach the optimal refinement of the second dendrite arm spacing of α-Al and the modification of eutectic Si. In this case, the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation reached 330 MPa, 226 MPa and 15.70%, respectively, which were remarkably enhancement in comparison with the base alloy.     

Directional solidification and physical properties measurements of the zinc-aluminum eutectic alloy

Zn-5wt% Al eutectic alloy was directionally solidified with different growth rates (5.32–250.0 μm/s) at a constant temperature gradient of 8.50 K/mm using a Bridgman-type growth apparatus. The values of eutectic spacing were measured from transverse sections of the samples. The dependences of the eutectic spacing and undercooling on growth rate are determined as λ=9.21V-0.53 and ΔT=0.0245V0.53, respectively. The results obtained in this work were compared with the Jackson-Hunt eutectic theory and the similar experimental results in the literature. Microhardness of directionally solidified samples was also measured by using a microhardness test device. The dependency of the microhardness on growth rate is found as Hv=115.64V0.13. Afterwards, the electrical resistivity (r) of the casting alloy changes from 40×10-9 to 108×10-9 Ω·m with the temperature rising in the range of 300–630 K. The enthalpy of fusion (ΔH) and specific heat (C_p) for the Zn-Al eutectic alloy are calculated to be 113.37 J/g and 0.309 J/(g·K), respectively by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) from heating trace during the transformation from liquid to solid.     

Vertex disjoint cycles in intersection graphs of bases of matroids

The intersection graph of bases of a matroid M=(E, B) is a graph G=G~I(M) with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G) such that V(G)=B(M) and E(G)={BB′:|B∩B′|≠0, B, B′∈B(M), where the same notation is used for the vertices of G and the bases of M. Suppose that|V(G~I(M))| =n and k_1+k_2+…+k_p=n, where k_i is an integer, i=1, 2,…, p. In this paper, we prove that there is a partition of V(G~I(M)) into p parts V_1 , V_2,…, V_p such that |V_i| =k_i and the subgraph H_i induced by V_i contains a k_i-cycle when k_i ≥3, H_i is isomorphic to K_2 when k_i =2 and H_i is a single point when k_i =1.     

浇注温度对GH625 合金铸态显微组织的影响

基于Thermo-Calc热力学模拟软件、扫描电镜和能谱仪等实验手段,研究GH625合金铸态试样棒的显微组织,并对比讨论浇注温度对其显微组织的影响规律. GH625合金的铸态显微组织为发达的树枝晶,枝晶间可见δ相与M6C型碳化物伴生析出. 一次枝晶臂间距λ1 和二次枝晶臂间距λ2 均随着浇注温度的升高而增大,而枝晶偏析程度则同时受扩散时间和扩散距离两方面因素的共同作用,综合相互作用导致1420℃浇注试样里Nb元素高度偏析,为枝晶间δ相的大量析出提供有利的浓度条件. 因此,在制定浇注工艺时,需要综合考虑扩散时间和扩散距离的影响程度,选取合适的浇注温度(或者冷却速率).     

Synthesis and forming behavior of aluminium-based hybrid powder metallurgic composites

Aluminium-based metal matrix composites were synthesized from Al-TiO₂-Gr powder mixtures using the powder metallurgy technique and their forming characteristics were studied during cold upsetting. Green cylindrical compacts of pure Al, Al-5wt%TiO₂, Al-5wt%TiO₂-2wt%Gr, and Al-5wt%TiO₂-4wt%Gr were made using a 400-kN hydraulic press equipped with suitable punch and die and by sintering at (590 ± 10)℃ for 3 h. Cold upset forging tests were carried out, the true axial stress (σ_z), the true hoop stress (σ_θ), and the true hydrostatic stress (σ_m) were evaluated and, their behavior against the true axial strain (?_z) was also analyzed. It is observed that the addition of 5wt% TiO₂ into the Al matrix increases σ_z, σ_θ, and σ_m. The addition of both TiO₂ and Gr reinforcements reduces the densification and deformation characteristics of the sintered preforms during cold upsetting. Microstructure analyses of the as-sintered and cold upset forged specimens also were carried out to substantiate the experimental results.     

Tree decomposition

A tree decomposition of graph G=(V, E) is referred to as a partition of edge set E into edge-disjoint trees. Given (not necessarily distinct) vertices u-1, u-2...u-k∈V with k≥2, a sufficient and necessary condition is given for a connected graph G=(V,E) to have a tree decomposition {T-1, T-2...T-k} such that V(T-i)=V{u-i}, i=1,2,... k.     

5,5’-偶氮四唑-5-氮氧化物钠五水合物的晶体结构及相关理论研究

化合物5,5’-偶氮四唑钠（2）在稀盐酸中分解得到5-肼基四唑盐酸盐（3）,5-肼基四唑盐酸盐与氢氧化钠中和后除去产物中的NaCl,在甲醇中重结晶得到5,5’-偶氮四唑-5-氮氧化物钠五水合物（4）,采用MS,元素分析等对这些化合物进行表征. 用X射线单晶衍射法测定获得了化合物 3 和4的晶体数据. 化合物3属于单斜晶系,P2（1）/n空间群,其晶胞参数a=0.438（2）nm,b=2.395 6（2）nm,c=0.493 6（2）nm,Z=4,V=0.546（4）nm3,D_c=1.659 g/cm3,F（000）=280;化合物 4属于三单斜晶系,P-1空间群,其晶胞参数a=0.715 81（19） nm,b=0.766 3（2）nm,c=1.193 3（4） nm,Z=2,V=0.602 7（3） nm3,D_c=1.742 g/cm3,F（000）=324.      

Binding number,minimum degree and bipancyclism in bipartite graphs

Let G =(V_1,V_2,E) be a balanced bipartite graph with2 n vertices.The bipartite binding number of G,denoted by B(G),is defined to be n if G =K_n and min i∈{1,2}|N(S)|n min |N(S)|/|S|otherwise.We call G bipancyclic if it contains a cycle of every even length m for 4 ≤ m ≤ 2n.A theorem showed that if G is a balanced bipartite graph with 2n vertices,B(G) 3 / 2 and n 139,then G is bipancyclic.This paper generalizes the conclusion as follows:Let 0 c 3 / 2 and G be a 2-colmected balanced bipartite graph with 2n(n is large enough) vertices such that B(G) c and δ(G)(2-c)n/(3-c)+2/3.Then G is bipancyclic.     

Chenguodaite （Ag9FeTe2S4）： a new tellurosulfide mineral from the gold district of East Shandong Peninsula,China

Chenguodaite, approved by IMA-CNMMN （2004-042a）, was discovered in the Bunan quartz vein-type gold deposit in the gold district of East Shandong Peninsula. The mineral occurs in high grade Au-Ag-Cu ores, coexisting with galena, chalcopyrite, hessite, electrum, unnamed Ag6TeS2 and AglsFeBiTe3Se, enclosed and replaced by native silver and acanthite. In the reflected light microscope, the mineral has light gray color, indistinguishable anistropism and hardness around 2-3. The color indices of chenguodaite relative to ICE C illuminator are： x=0.3027, y=0.3076, Y=25.78%,λd=474 nm, Pe=3.68%, similar to those of canfieldite. The average chemical composition from 16 microprobe analyses is Ag8.97Fe1.00Te1.99S4.04, idealized to AggFeTe2S4. The polycrystalline X-ray diffraction of chenguodaite by Gandolfi camera and synchrotron oscillation photography results in 67 reflections with the 12 strongest being （relative intensity in bracket）： 6.742（69）, 6.416（39）, 5.951（33）, 3.265（100）, 2.981（24）, 2.649（22）, 2.25（24）, 2.188（71）, 2.142（22）, 2.123（31）, 2.044（23）, 1.949（33）, which are indexed to a primitive orthorhombic cell with a=12.769 （2） A, b= 14.814（2） A, c= 16.233 （1） A, V= 3070.6 A^3, Z= 9, Dcal.=6.85 g/cm^3. The name is for the late Prof. Chen Guoda, a famous Chinese geologist and the founder of Diwa-Geodepression theory of tectonics.     

Super-Edge-Connectivity of G(k,d,s)(s≥k/2)

A graph G is super-edge-connected,for short super-λ,if every minimum edge-cut consists of edges adjacent to a vertex of minimum degree.Alphabet overlap graph G(k,d,s)is undirected,simple graph with vertex set V={v|v=1()kv…v;vi∈{1,2,…,d},i=1,…,k}.Two vertices u=(u1…uk)and v=(v1…vk)are adjacent if and only if us+i=vi or vs+i=ui(i=1,…,k-s).In particular G(k,d,1)is just an undirected de Bruijn graph.In this paper,we show that the diameter of G(k,d,s)is k s,the girth is 3.Finally,we prove that G(k,d,s)(s≥k/2)is super-λ.     

Development of multi-functional nano-paint for energy harvesting applications

The multi-functionality of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate/paint(PMN-PT/paint) nanocomposite films for energy harvesting via piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects is described. PMN-PT/paint films have been fabricated by a conventional paint-brushing technique to provide a low-cost, low-temperature and low–energy route to create multi-functional films. The properties investigated included dielectric constants, ε' and ε', as a function of temperature, frequency and composition. From these parameters, it is indicated that the dielectric constants and AC conductivity(σ_(AC)) increase with an increase of filler content and temperature, implying an improvement of the functionality of the films. The results revealed that σ_(AC) obeyed the relation σ_(AC) =Aω~s, and exponents, was found to decrease by increasing the temperature. The correlated barrier hopping was the dominant conduction mechanism in the nanocomposite films. The efforts were made to investigate the performance of nanocomposite films to mechanical vibrations and thermal variations. A cantilever system was designed and examined to assess its performance as energy harvesters. The highest output voltage and power for a PMN-PT/paint based harvester with a broad frequency response operating in the-31-piezoelectric mode were 65 mV and 1 nW, respectively.Voltage and power were shown to be enhanced by application of thermal variations. Thus, films could be utilized for combined energy harvesting via piezoelectric and pyroelectric characteristics.     

熔体温度处理细化亚共晶Al-Si合金组织

利用正交试验的方法对熔体温度处理细化亚共晶Al-Si合金的凝固组织进行了研究，结果表明，经过熔体温度处理后，凝固组织中一次枝晶尺寸明显减小，长的树枝晶变为短的树枝晶或等轴晶，并且枝晶数量明显增多；二次枝晶臂间距变化不明显，从原子团簇的角度分析认为，这是由于高，低温熔体混合后，低温熔体中大的原子团簇得到细化，从而导致混合熔体中形核质点增殖的结果，研究同时发现，高，低温熔体的混合方式对熔体温度处理效果有直接影响，熔体的均匀混合有利于增大熔体凝固过冷度，减小临界晶核半径，促进凝固组织的细化。