××火箭密集度计算分析

××火箭的研制经历了二十余年的漫长历程,射击密集度曾长期不过关。我们通过电子数字计算机模拟发射,重现了1981年6～7月发射试验,且确定了各种情况下的特征系数,为分析计算××火箭的方向密集度提供了方便。 本文认定影响××火箭密集度的决定性因素是起始扰动,而影响起始扰动的主要因素是燃气流特别是旋转发动机的燃气流作用力。为了提高××火箭的密集度,重申了在定向器上铺钢板以减小燃气流作用力的意见;提出了降低现有炮口转速(例如折半)和推迟旋转发动机点火的建议,对此作了定量论证。 本文还在一般意义上探讨了弹体自转对推力偏心临界段的影响问题,指出当自转速度较高时,推力偏心临界段长度趋近于半个弹道波长,即趋于与起始扰动临界段长度相等。     

考虑燃烧过程的航天器用液体火箭发动机动态特性分析

研究了考虑惯性等因素的集液腔充填过程以及考虑喷雾燃烧的发动机动态特性数学模型的建立,结合发动机的喷雾燃烧过程以及燃烧室的集中参数模型,分析了航天器用双组元(一甲基肼/四氧化二氮)液体火箭发动机推力室的脉冲工作特性、启动特性以及关机特性。     

高宽比和粗糙度对再生冷却通道流动的影响

在三维贴体坐标系中求解椭圆型N-S方程，采用完全压力校正方法解决在同位网格上遇到的压力波动问题，对液体火箭发动机S形再生冷却通道内的三维紊流进行数值模拟，在壁面函数中引入无量纲壁面粗糙度以考虑粗糙壁面的影响，研究了高宽比和壁面粗糙度对压力损失、二次流动和紊流强度的影响。结果对液体火箭发动机大高宽比再生冷却通道的设计和制造具有参考价值。     

火箭基组合循环动力研究进展

 重复使用是运载器发展的必然途径，火箭基组合循环发动机是可重复运载器动力的重要方向。介绍了国内外典型RBCC发动机方案和关键技术研究现状，分析了RBCC发动机的主要技术特点及应用前景。可以弥补火箭或冲压单一类型发动机功能或者性能的不足，具有火箭大推重比、冲压高比冲的特点，是RBCC动力系统区别于其他发动机的重要特征。结合当前技术水平，灵活运用组合发动机的特点，形成不同的发动机方案，适用不同运载任务要求，是RBCC动力系统研究的重要思路。中国应加快RBCC发动机应用论证和关键技术攻关，形成技术方案，为可重复使用运载器长远发展做出贡献。     

吸热过程光-热耦合特性及复杂非稳态传热机理研究

太阳能热发电是太阳能的高品位利用方式,吸热器是太阳能热发电系统中用于聚光太阳辐射能与热能转换的核心部件。根据聚光器类型、传热介质、运行压力和温度的不同,吸热器主要有真空管式和腔体式两种类型。该课题针对极端条件(时空分布随机变化的高温、高热流密度),以提高吸热器吸热效率为目的,研究吸热器内辐射-导热-对流耦合的传热机理,构建设计各类吸热器需要遵循的理论架构,设计新型高效稳定的吸热器。该课题的研究对太阳能热发电的规模化进程具有非常重要的意义。实现了基于蒙特卡罗光线追踪法的自编数值模拟程序,获得了槽式、塔式和碟式吸热器吸热面上的聚焦太阳能流分布,实现了蒙特卡罗光线追踪法和用于求解流动传热问题的有限容积法的耦合,研究了太阳辐射由镜场到吸热器的一体化传播过程。研究了槽式太阳能吸热器内的流动换热特性,建立了槽式DSG集热器的稳态传热计算模型和动态模型,开发了两类管内强化传热技术;基于DSMC方法建立真空管空气夹层内稀薄气体传热模型;耦合管内对流传热、管壁导热、真空夹层稀薄气体传热及辐射传热、管外对流传热及辐射传热,可望建立真空管吸热器的跨尺度传热模型的数值预测方法。建立了腔式水工质吸热器和腔式熔融盐吸热器吸热性能的数学模型,获取了吸热器内部热流密度和吸热管道温度的分布规律以及吸热器的热损失。结合腔式吸热器热性能的数学模型,提出了由吸热器所需净能量推算吸热器开口所需太阳光能量的计算模型,发展了腔式吸热器启动过程性能模拟的数学模型,获得了吸热器启动过程开口所需能量数据曲线,吸热器启动过程的效率曲线和热损失曲线。研究了高温高压下空气吸热器内复杂耦合换热机理,分析了安装倾角、入口工质温度与质量流量等重要参数对有压腔式吸热器换热性能的影响;运用十四面体模型模拟多孔材料的内部结构,研究了多孔吸热结构内的对流传热特性。设计了搭建了太阳能空气吸热器实验平台,采用氙灯阵列模拟太阳辐射,多孔吸热材料表面可接受的辐射功率范围可达10 k W,热流密度可达2×106 W/m2;设计搭建了槽式DSG太阳能热发电实验研究系统,设计压力10 MPa、温度400°C,利用该实验系统除了对槽式DSG热发电系统进行试验研究外,还能对槽式热发电的集热器、聚光器的性能进行测试。     

露天试车台在拉力载荷作用下的静态变形分析

随着航空发动机研制要求的不断提高,各种功能的露天试车台已经成为航空发动机整机试验体系中不可或缺的组成部分。本文在对露天台结构模型进行有效的简化基础上,利用ANSYS Workbench软件对其在不同拉力载荷作用下产生的静态变形量进行计算与分析,通过与实际测量数据进行对比验证,实现了单立柱悬臂式航空发动机露天试车台架测试性能分析与评估,同时研究了露天环境对其测量结果的影响规律,得到了250kN载荷下模型静态变形校准量。结果表明,ANSYS Workbench计算静态变形整体平均误差为10.1%,发动机处考核点平均误差为5.16%,动架前端考核点平均误差为15.29%,动架后端考核点平均误差为9.85%,对比结果具有很好的吻合度,为露天试车台试验测试数据分析与校准提供了有力保障。     

低渗透油藏水平井流入动态及影响因素

对低渗透油藏渗流规律不符合达西定律,普遍存在启动压力的特点,建立了低渗透油藏水平井油气两相渗流的数学模型,为水平井流入动态关系（IPR）曲线在低渗透油藏的应用提供了理论依据;分析了启动压力梯度、边界压力、边界半径、直线段斜率和截距等因素对水平井IPR曲线的影响程度。研究表明：对于低渗透油藏,相同井底流压时,启动压力梯度越小,水平井产量越大;边界压力越大,水平井产量越大;边界半径越小,水平井产量越大;直线段斜率越大,水平井产量越大;直线段截距越大,水平井产量越大。     

管内沸腾临界热负荷的实验研究

文中簡述了管內沸騰临界热負荷的研究現狀,介紹了作者采用的試驗裝置和方法,列出除气蒸餾水向上流过垂直不銹鋼管时的沸騰临界热負荷的試驗数据,提出經驗关系式,分析主要因素的影响,并与其他作者的数据进行比較。試驗在以下参数范圍內进行: 实驗段出口压力:1.2～1.5工程大气压实驗段出口欠热度:5～35℃流速:0.25～8米/秒热負荷:1.0×10~6～8.5×10~6大卡/米~2的实驗段材料:1X18 H9T不銹鋼管管径:(內径×厚度)4×1;6×1;9×1.5毫米管長:105毫米管长/管内径=l/d内:26.2,17.5,11.7(都大于10)在上述条件下整理成經驗关系式: gKP=0.65×10~6(1+w)~(09)(1+Δt_H)~(0.23) (1) 实驗点与經驗关系式最大偏差小于±18％,其中93％点最大偏差≤±10％。     

液体的热压力系数与正常沸点下的摩尔体积

根据改良的对应状态原理，建立了一个新的液体热压力系数计算公式，可适用于从三相点到临界点的宽阔温度范围。式中只有一个仅与分子大小有关的特性参数，该参数与正常沸点下液体摩尔体积有很好的线性关系。对４２种液体热压力系数预测结果表明，计算值与实验值的平均相对误差约为±１．７％。     

隔板对燃烧室压力高频自激振荡的抑制作用

隔板在抑制液体火箭发动机高频燃烧不稳定性方面具有重要作用。该文研究隔板对液体火箭发动机中自激高频燃烧不稳定性的抑制作用机理。在初边值条件不施加任何激励的情况下,首先对无隔板的液氧/煤油模型发动机中的气液两相非稳态燃烧过程进行数值模拟,获得的燃烧室压力和流向平均速度与实验结果相符,并得到了燃烧室中的压力自激振荡。研究了隔板对这种压力自激振荡的抑制作用,并分析了压力波随时间的传递与演化过程。结果表明:无隔板燃烧室中发生了高频不稳定燃烧,频谱分析显示其具有1阶横向振型与2阶纵向振型;引入隔板后,燃烧室中的压力振荡减弱,且其横向振型消失,只有2阶纵向振型。结合燃烧室中压力波的传递和演化过程进行分析可知,压力自激振荡源主要出现在头部附近的区域,隔板的加入可以有效抑制压力波的横向传播,并提高激发不稳定燃烧所需的能量,从而抑制燃烧不稳定性的发生。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-