材料设计：材料科学的发展趋势

材料设计的提出是材料科学发展的一个里程碑，是材料科学方法论的一次革命．本文讨论材料设计的概念，材料设计的各个组成部分及其相互关系，材料设计的发展现状，材料设计前景展望等．材料设计的基础是材料物性数据库，材料设计的理论和模型需用量子化学、固体物理和宏观系统工程知识．现代微观分析技术和人工智能计算机的发展使材料设计真正成为可能．梯度功能材料的发展是材料设计成功的一个实例．材料设计的发展必将大大缩短新材料的研制周期，从而带来巨大的社会、经济效益．     

航空材料

航空材料泛指用于制造航空飞行器的材料。一架军用飞机包括机体、发动机、机载电子和火力控制四大部分，一架民用客机包括机体、发动机、机载电子和机舱四大部分。机体材料和发动机材料是航空材料中最重要的结构材料，而电子信息材料是航空机载装置中最重要的功能性材料，但它一般不直接算作航空材料。出于航空飞行及其安全性的考虑，航空结构材料的特点是轻质、高强、高可靠。飞行器作为一个整体，还用到少量非结构性材料，如阻尼、减振、降噪、密封材料等。     

材质在雕塑创作中的表达

雕塑艺术是人类精神的物化形式，材料的运用相对其他门类艺术具有独特性，从雕塑创作到作品的形成，要历经材料选择、材料的加工，在这个过程中，艺术家将自己的感情、思想、理念融入在材料之中，最终作品是以材料作为载体传达给观众的。最大限度挖掘材质的特性，也是探索材质美跟形式美的结合，从里到外使材料在雕塑创作当中得到升华，使材料在艺术家手中释放新的生命。     

高性能结构材料 科学和应用

本书是《技术需要的工程材料》系列丛书的第一卷。书中介绍一系列高性能结构材料，包括混凝土、钢、纤维增强水泥、纤维增强塑料、高分子材料、土合成材料、石工材料和涂层，讨论了这些高性能材料制造的科学基础和应用，包括试验和应用的实例，特别是相当新的高性能结构材料在设计实际中的应用，全书反映了高性能结构材料的最新进展。     

新材料产业的技术发展

新材料产业主要包括电子信息材料、生物医用材料、新能源材料、环保材料、新型建材、高性能结构材料、纳米材料、超导材料八大领域。从应用来看，新材料产业的很多领域是针对特定的行业的，如电子信息材料、生物医用材料、新能源材料、环保材料和新型建材，而有些领域则具有广泛的影响力，如高性能结构材料、纳米材料和超导材料。     

工程材料核算方法的实施与应用

工程材料管理是施工企业管理的重要组成部分，是确保工程质量、进度、降低工程施工成本，提高企业经济效益的重要举措。材料管理主要包括实物管理与核算管理两大部分。众所周知，材料成本在工程造价中占有很大的比重，因此，管好、用好、控制好工程材料十分重要；除了重视材料的现场管理外，做好“材料核算”是必不可少的关键环节，是施工企业弄清项目材料实际消耗、计算项目施工成本、进而控制施工过程和施工质量的一项重要工作，其应用意义是广泛的，既体现了企业内部相互协调的重要性，又反映出项目产品成本的组成与企业生产力水平，而且，材料核算还是一项直接以经济效益为体现对象的管理工作。下面我们谈一下工程材料的核算方法以及在项目施工中的应用意义。     

装饰艺术与材料情结

材料作为一种新兴学科，在我国还处于初级阶段，材料作为造型艺术的语言之一，并不是简单的纯技术的问题，材料是艺术创作者可看、可触、可感的精神载体，具有社会性，时代性与人文性，作为艺术载体的材料是艺术创作中最为重要的因素。     

不妨给材料做点文章

“材料引起学习，材料引起活动。”材料是学生解决科学问题、获得科学知识、提高探究能力的基本载体，是学生感受科学与生活的联系，体验科学价值的重要资源。选择有结构的材料供学生探究活动，是提高科学探究活动效率的前提。所谓有结构的材料就是教师经过精心设计的典型教学材料的组合。这种材料的组合，既要揭示教学内容有关的一系列现象，体现教材的科学性．     

浅谈水利工程施工中的材料管理

在工程施工中，由于施工的部位、施工的内容、方式、建筑物的不同，所需要的材料不尽相同，加之新型材料在施工中的应用，可谓是水利施工中材料种类繁多、型式各异。那么对水利工程中材料如何来管理，如何能降低材料的消耗和浪费等。对工程项目的现场材料管理，应该是个老生常谈的话题，本文从个人的观点出发，进行了探讨。     

跨世纪材料科学技术的若干热点问题

根据时代特点和当前材料科学技术发展趋势提出在进入２１世纪之际的材料科学技术的若干热点问题，信息功能材料是新材料中最活跃的领域，高温高比强度和高比刚度是是结构材料开发的永恒主题。能源材料领域广阔，低维材料是当前材料科学技术的前沿。生物材料最有发展前景，智能材料及其系统是未来的发展方向，有机功能高分子材料的发展方兴未艾，环境材料受到广泛重视，材料的合成与加工新方法的探索是发展先进材料和改进现有材料的重     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that