基于浓密植被法的HJ-1B星CCD影像大气校正

利用红波段(0.66μm)与中红外波段(1.66μm)表观反射率之间的线性关系估计出红波段的反射率,然后利用红波段估计的反射率与其表观反射率,结合6S辐射传输模型构建查找表,查表得0.55μm处的气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD)值,从而实现各个波段大气校正.通过林地校正前的表观反射率、大气校正后反射率和MODIS地表反射率的对比以及裸土校正前的表观反射率、大气校正后反射率和光谱库中反射率的对比,结果表明该方法对HJ-1B星CCD数据进行大气校正可取得较好的效果.     

Distribution and origin of aerosol and its transform relationship with CCN derived from the spring multi-aircraft measurements of Beijing Cloud Experiment (BCE)

The atmospheric aerosol distribution,source and relationship with cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) observed during the Beijing Cloud Experiment(BCE) are analyzed.The results show that the high number concentrations of aerosol mainly distributed below 4500 m,and the magnitude could reach to 103 cm 3.Above 4500 m,the aerosol number concentrations decreased to 101 cm 3 as the altitude increases,and the aerosol mean diameters were between 0.16 and 0.19 μm.Below 4500 m,the number size distributions of aerosol showed a bimodal(multimodal) mode,and an unimodal mode above it.Due to the different sources of aerosol,the conversion ratios of aerosol to CCN were less than 20% below 4500 m,and reached 50% above the level at 0.3% supersaturation.The back trajectories showed that aerosols at higher levels above 4500 m were strongly affected by large-size particles and those below 4500 m were strongly affected by local or regional pollution.Based on observations,a relationship between the CCN number concentration and aerosol number concentration is established.     

粒子退偏比测量拉曼-米偏振激光雷达系统设计与仿真

针对米-偏振激光雷达回波信号受大气分子信号影响而只能测得体退偏比的问题,设计了一种可以测量粒子退偏比的纯转动拉曼-米偏振激光雷达。仿真了其回波信号与信噪比,结果表明系统夜晚最大探测距离可达12 km,验证了系统的可行性。利用拉曼信号校正米-偏振信号得到气溶胶和云的粒子退偏比,通过对比不同天气状况下的退偏比廓线,得出该系统更适用于高空卷云和浓度较小但退偏比较大的气溶胶粒子的退偏比测量。      

太湖二类水体水色遥感的大气校正问题探讨

基于简化的大气辐射传输模型,提出一种基于图像本身的水色遥感大气校正方法。根据清洁水体在绿光波段的离水辐射相对稳定的特点,来估算清洁水体像元在绿光波段的气溶胶参数,插值获取整幅图像在绿光波段的气溶胶参数,根据大气校正因子为1的假设,外推获取蓝、红波段的气溶胶参数。以太湖为研究区,对Landsat5TM蓝、绿、红波段进行大气校正,反演出离水辐亮度,进而获得水体的遥感反射率。对反演的水体遥感反射率与准同步实测的相应采样点水体遥感反射率进行了对比分析,结果表明,该方法有效地去除了大气效应对遥感数据的影响,经过大气校正的反射率值接近实测反射率值。     

雨季广州大气中的硝酸盐粒子

对雨季广州大气中的硝酸盐粒子进行了两年的观察 .粒子被分为两部分 :粗大粒子 (r >1.0 μm )和微小粒子 (r≤ 1.0 μm ) .用离子色谱对粒子总量进行了总体分析 ,用复合薄膜法和X_射线分析法对单个粒子进行了分析 .总体分析结果表明 ,粗大粒子中的NO- 3、Ca2 +和Na+含量比微小粒子中的高 .对单个粒子的分析发现 ,硝酸盐粒子不仅存在于粗大粒子中 ,而且也存在于微小粒子中 ,证明硝酸能凝结在海盐上形成粗大硝酸盐粒子 ,粗大硝酸盐粒子有可能起着最终消除广州大气中硝酸的作用 .     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In situ</Emphasis> measurement of PM<Subscript>1</Subscript> organic aerosol in Beijing winter using a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer

Organic aerosol (OA) is a crucial component of atmospheric fine particles. To achieve a better understanding of the chemical characteristics and sources of OA in Beijing, the size-resolved chemical composition of submicron aerosols were measured in-situ using a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer in the winter of 2010, with a high time resolution of 5 min. During this study, the mean OA mass concentration was 20.9±25.3 μg/m3, varying between 1.9 and 284.6 μg/m3. Elemental analysis showed that the average H/C, O/C and N/C (molar ratio) were 1.70, 0.17, and 0.005, respectively, corresponding to an OM/OC ratio (mass ratio of organic matter to organic carbon) of 1.37. The average mass-based size distributions of OA present a promi- nent accumulation mode peaking at approximately 450 nm. The prominent presence of ultrafine particles (Dva < 100 nm) was mainly from the fresh emissions of combustion sources. A Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) analysis of the organic mass spectral dataset differentiated the OA into three components, including hydrocarbon-like (HOA), cooking-related (COA), and oxygenated (OOA) organic aerosols, which, on average, accounted for 26.9%, 49.7% and 23.4%, respectively, of the total organic mass. The HOA and COA likely corresponded to primary organic aerosol (POA) associated with combustion-related and cooking emissions, respectively, and the OOA components corresponded to aged secondary organic aerosol (SOA).     

Measurement of aerosol optical extinction using diode laser cavity ringdown spectroscopy

Accurate measurement of optical extinction of atmospheric aerosols is important for quantifying the direct climate effects of aerosols. A portable cavity ringdown spectrometer utilizing a modulated multimode blue diode laser (linewidth ～0.2 nm) is developed to measure the aerosol optical extinction. Laboratory generated ammonia sulfate particles (<1 μm in diameter) are characterized, with good agreements between the experimental measurements and Mie theory calculations. An optical extinction detection sensitivity of 0.24 Mm-1 (1σ) is achieved. Measurements of ambient aerosols are also carried out. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a compact, multimode diode laser cavity ringdown spectrometer for sensitive measurements of the optical extinction of atmospheric aerosols.     

基于MCML的大气偏振特性仿真与分析

太阳光通过大气层时会与大气粒子间发生相互作用从而产生偏振光,天空中各种不同属性的偏振光叠加,便形成了包含大气信息参数在内的各种信息的大气偏振模式分布。文章研究了太阳光散射形成的大气偏振特性,分析了基于蒙特卡洛理论的仿真方法,在实现大气偏振模式仿真的基础上,将实际检测结果与理论仿真模型进行对比分析,验证了该方法的正确性。     

Carrier-envelope phase passively stabilized near-infrared laserpulses from a dual-frequency pumped noncollinear opticalparametric amplifier

By inversing the signal and idler in a two-stagenoncollinear optical parametric amplifier which is, respec-tively, pumped by the second harmonic and fundamentalwave of femtosecond Ti：sapphire laser at repetition rate of1 kHz, the carrier-envelope phase （CEP） passively stabilizedpulses with a tunable wavelength from 1.1 to 1.6 μm areobtained with maximum energy of95 μJat 1.3 μm underthepump energy ofS00 μJ. The CEP jitter of pulses is 108 mradmeasured by anf-2finterferometer. This work demonstratesa new way to efficiently generate tunable near-infraredfemtosecond laser pulses with self-stabilized CEP.     

用零维能量平衡气候模型分析大气气溶胶的气候效应

将大气短波吸收系数的增加量假设为晴空大气反照率的增加量的线性函数,综合考虑云对能量传输的调节及其与地气系统之间复杂的非线性相互作用,利用零维能量平衡模型分析了气溶胶的气候效应。分析计算结果发现,大气气溶胶含量增加可能引发的气候变化主要是：(1) 大气温度升高,地表感热输送和蒸发潜热减少,这会引起全球干旱; (2) 气溶胶使地面升温还是降温,主要依赖于大气对太阳辐射的吸收能力和晴空大气的反照率,地表反照率反馈机制使气溶胶的气候效应得到加强。     

Characteristics of InGaN-based superluminescent diodes with one-sided oblique cavity facet

We have fabricated InGaN-based superlumi-nescent diodes （SLDs） with one-sided oblique facet. The characteristics of the SLDs and laser diodes with the same cavity length （800 μm） were compared. The typical peak wavelength and the full width at half maximum of the spectrum in superluminescence regime are 445.3 and 7.7 nm for the SLDs with 800 μm cavity length. The characteristics of the SLDs with different cavity length were also demon-strated in a comparative way. It is found that the gain of the InGaN multi-quantum wells in blue spectral range is a linear function of the current density below gain saturation region. The lasing threshold current turns out to be higher for the shorter SLD （S-SLD） （400 μm）, but the output light intensity of the longer SLD （800 μm） is higher than that of the S-SLD under the same current density. The gain saturation phe-nomenon was observed in S-SLD when it was biased at a current density larger than 27.5 kA/cm^2. The increase of junction temperature was identified as the main reason for gain saturation through spectra analysis.     

Radiative forcing due to dust aerosol over east Asia-north Pacific region during spring, 2001

Atmosphericaerosolsinfluencetheradiationbudgetoftheatmosphere-terrestrialsystem,andthereforeinflu-encetheclimate.Dustaerosolisconsideredtobeacriticalfactortoclimateforcingamongotherkindsofaerosols,whichaccountsfor30percentofaerosolloadingandop-ticaldepth[1].Therearelargeuncertaintiesinthequantita-tiveassessmentsoftheradiativeeffectofdustatthepre-sentday,involvingvariousfactors:refractiveindices,par-ticlesizedistribution,atmosphericaerosolloading,parti-cleshape,etc.[2].Dustaerosolgenerallyorigi…     

透射电镜在气溶胶单颗粒分析中的应用

透射电镜（TEM）具有很高的分辨率和放大率,可以同时提供形貌、成分、结构信息,非常适宜于对气溶胶细颗粒和超细颗粒等的研究。简述了国内外用TEM对大气气溶胶单颗粒分析的研究及其现状,主要围绕TEM对城市大气气溶胶、海洋气溶胶、燃烧烟尘和机动车废气的研究等方面进行了论述。介绍了作者利用TEM对北京市大气气溶胶的初步研究,提出了今后开展大气可吸入颗粒物的TEM研究的几点建议。     

Methane retrieval from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder using EOF-based regression algorithm and its validation

This paper presents a rapid regression algorithm for the retrieval of methane(CH4)profile from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder(AIRS)based on empirical orthogonal functions(EOF)and its validation.This algorithm was trained using the simulated radiance from an assemble of atmospheric profiles and can be utilized to derive the CH4profile rapidly with the input of the AIRS cloud-clear radiance.Validation using hundreds of aircraft profiles demonstrates that the root mean square error(RMSE)is about 1.5%in the AIRS sensitive region of359–596 hPa,which is smaller than AIRS-V5 product(except in high latitudes).Comparison with the groundbased solar Fourier transform spectrometry observations showed that the RMSE of the retrieved CH4total column amount is less than 3%.This EOF-based regression method can be easily applied to other thermal infrared sounders for deriving CH4and some other gases,and the derived profiles can be used as the first guess for further physical retrieval.     

Stable sulphate clusters as a source of new atmospheric particles

The formation of new atmospheric particles with diameters of 3-10 nm has been observed at a variety of altitudes and locations. Such aerosol particles have the potential to grow into cloud condensation nuclei, thus affecting cloud formation as well as the global radiation budget. In some cases, the observed formation rates of new particles have been adequately explained by binary nucleation, involving water and sulphuric acid, but in certain locations--particularly those within the marine boundary layer and at continental sites--observed ambient nucleation rates exceed those predicted by the binary scheme. In these locations, ambient sulphuric acid (H2SO4) levels are typically lower than required for binary nucleation, but are sufficient for ternary nucleation (sulphuric acid-ammonia-water). Here we present results from an aerosol dynamics model with a ternary nucleation scheme which indicate that nucleation in the troposphere should be ubiquitous, and yield a reservoir of thermodynamically stable clusters 1-3 nm in size. We suggest that the growth of these clusters to a detectable size (> 3 nm particle diameter) is restricted by the availability of condensable vapour. Observations of atmospheric particle formation and growth from a continental and a coastal site support this hypothesis, indicating that a growth process including ternary nucleation is likely to be responsible for the formation of cloud condensation nuclei.     

Attenuation of ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface due to atmospheric aerosols in Guangzhou

The UV attenuation due to atmospheric aerosols in Guangzhou was quantitatively assessed using surface ultraviolet radiation (UV,295-385 nm) observation,sun photometer and radiation models.Observations showed that the annual average value of aerosol optical depth (AOD) was 1.19 in UV spectral region of 340 nm,the annual average occurrence frequency of aerosol optical depth AOD 340 nm >1.0 was 55%,and the annual average attenuation rate of surface UV direct radiation of 340 nm was 68%.It was proven in the observation of surface UV radiation and model evaluation that annual average attenuation of UV due to atmosphere was 75%,and that reached 72% in the dry season (October,November,December and January);while average attenuation of UV due to atmospheric aerosols reached 62% in the dry season.It was indicated that very significant UV attenuations due to atmospheric aerosols existed in Guangzhou urban agglomeration,and at least half of UV radiation was attenuated due to atmospheric aerosols.Such large-amplitude attenuation will have a significant impact on urban ecosystem and species chemical cycles,especially photochemical reaction processes.     

大气中气溶胶颗粒对红外激光的散射特性研究

在利用红外激光雷达探测大气中各种成分浓度时,研究大气中气溶胶颗粒在该红外波段的光学散射特性有重要意义.特别是大气中气溶胶颗粒的散射系数和后向散射率是基于红外激光雷达探测大气后向散射回波信号的重要参量,直接影响探测系统的测量精度和有效探测距离.根据等效球的米氏散射理论,分析大气气溶胶颗粒在该波段的散射效率因子和散射相函数,可准确计算出不同半径和不同密度时大气气溶胶颗粒的散射系数和后向散射率大小.利用仿真模型计算得出,当大气气溶胶颗粒的半径增加时,其散射效率因子的数值振荡衰减,最终稳定于2.04处;而当入射激光波长不变时,大气气溶胶颗粒的后向散射率数值与其半径的变化呈反比.     

悬浮颗粒物垂直分布对水体光学特性的影响

【目的】研究典型湖泊水体垂直分布对遥感反射率的影响,并了解其主要影响波段和影响水深。【方法】利用实测数据和前向辐射传输模型得到水体垂直分布模拟数据,选取两种典型的湖泊水体垂直分布类型,研究它们对水表面遥感反射率的影响,并分析其敏感波长和最大影响深度。【结果】与均质水体相比,不同类型的水体垂直分布最大会引起遥感反射率100%的高估或者30%的低估且误差随着水深的增大而减小。当表层悬浮颗粒物浓度(SPM1)较小时,在相同浓度条件下,不同类型水体垂直分布的敏感波长随着水深增大逐渐减小;在同一深度时,敏感波长随着悬浮颗粒物浓度的增大逐渐向长波方向移动;当SPM1较大时,敏感波长随水深增大没有明显变化。不同类型水体在SPM1较低时,各波段的最大影响水深各不相同,可达10m,并随表层悬浮颗粒物浓度的增大而逐渐减小,峰值波长逐渐向长波方向移动;当SPM1较大时,最大影响水深集中于0.5~2.0 m,随波段递增无明显变化规律。随着表层水体的衰减系数的增大,最大影响水深在不同波段基本呈递减趋势。【结论】研究成果有助于准确的理解表层遥感反射率中所包含的水体垂直结构信息,并为深入研究非均质水体光学特性及其辐射传输过程提供理论依据。     

高温时H13钢中初生碳氮化物的分解研究

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和电子探针研究了H13钢中初生碳氮化物高温分解时的形貌、尺寸、成分变化规律.原始初生碳氮化物主要为10~30μm的长条状(Vx,Mo1-x)(Cy,N1-y)及少量方形的(Tix,V1-x)(Cy,N1-y).在1200℃保温2.5 h后碳氮化物边缘变为凹凸不平的锯齿状,然后形成细小的分解颗粒,10 h后碳氮化物平均长度减小为12.9μm,主要为(Tix,V1-x)(Cy,N1-y).当经过1250℃ ×5 h保温后87%的碳氮化物发生分解,(Vx,Mo1-x)(Cy,N1-y)溶解消失,碳氮化物长度在20μm以下,当保温时间延长到10 h后碳氮化物长度均在10μm以下,70%为方形并且93%分解形成细小颗粒,未分解的碳氮化物为(Tix,V1-x)(Cy,N1-y).电子探针分析(Tix,V1-x)(Cy,N1-y)的分解与Fe元素扩散有关,高温时Fe在(Tix,V1-x)(Cy,N1-y)中含量逐渐增加而Ti、V减少,优先在边部曲率半径较小部位或缺陷处分解,形成0.1~1μm的细小分解颗粒,并由外向内以区域溶解方式使原始碳氮化物逐渐消失.双亚点阵模型分析两种碳氮化物的平衡溶解温度和组成有关,试样中大部分(Tix,V1-x)(Cy,N1-y)平衡溶解温度在1200~1246℃之间,与实验吻合较好.     

顾及时间因子的航空高光谱影像辐射归一化校正

航空高光谱影像的采集需要一个时间过程,其间成像条件(太阳辐射、大气等)处于持续变化之中,不可避免地会对大气辐射校正带来一定影响.主要针对上述影响,对邻近航带的明暗地物、大气辐射传输分量、同名地物反射率进行对比,分析了时间因子对经验线性法、大气辐射传输法反演结果的影响.结果 表明:随着时间变化,不同时刻对应的大气辐射传输参量存在一定差异,不同时刻的明暗参考地物所计算的校正系数也不同,这些差异都会对反射率校正结果产生一定的影响;通过对不同时刻的同名地物反射率反演结果对比,同名地物采集的时间间隔越长,校正结果的数值偏差越大.随后,提出了顾及时间因子的航空高光谱影像相对辐射归一化校正方法.实验证明,与常用的伪不变特征点方法相比,本文方法能够有效地消除时间因子变化对反射率反演带来的影响,提高同名地物的光谱一致性.