Exploration on ecological regulation of the reservoirs

Reservoir regulation process in the Yangtze River basin is mainly divided into two types of flood regulation and initiating benefit regulation. The present reservoir management system and operation mode are mainly for dealing with or coordinating of flood control and benefit initiation as well as benefit distribution among various beneficial functions. From the view point of river ecosystem protection, the current regulation mode has two kinds of problems ： firstly, most of the reservoir regulation plans do not consider ecosystem protection at downstream of dams and needs of environment protection in reservoir areas; secondly, integrated regulation or management of water resources is ignored. It is very necessary to improve reservoir regulation mode, bearing problems faced by regulation of the Three Gorges reservoir and issues related to cascade development and regulation in Tuojiang and Minjiang River basins in mind. In accordance with the concept of scientific development, and the philosophy of ＂ensuring a healthy Yangtze River and promoting the harmony between human and water＂, taking flood control, benefit initiation and eco-system as a whole, this paper put forward the basic consideration to improve reservoir regulation as follows ： on the basis of requirements of ecosystem protection at downstream of dams and needs of environment protection in reservoir areas, we should bring the functions of reservoir such as flood control and benefit initiation into full play, control the negative influence to the ecosystem at downstream of dams and the environment in reservoir areas in an endurable scope, and restore the ecosystem and the environment step by step. This paper put forward the relevant regulation process aiming at the idiographic problems such as protection of ecosystem at downstream of dams and environment in reservoir areas, protection of aquatic wildlife species and fish species, regulation of sediment and protection of wetland.     

Mycelial fermentation and medicinal properties of a valuable medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis Cs-HK1

Cordyceps sinensis （Cs） or Dongchongxiacao in Chinese is a rare and precious medicinal mushroom. In this work, a Tolypocladium sp. fungus named Cs-HK1 was isolated from a natural Cs fruiting body, and its ultraviolet （UV）, infrared （IR） and high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） spectra all exhibited high degrees of matching to those of natural Cs, indicating the similarity of chemical composition. A crude polysaccharide （PS） fraction isolated from Cs-HKI fungal mycelium showed significant antitumor activity, inhibiting melanoma tumor growth in mice. The PS-treated mice showed significantly higher serum interferon-y （IFN-y） level and higher proliferation rate of lymphocytes ex vivo than the control animals, suggestive of the immunomodulatory activity of the PS fraction. In cell cultures, the PS fraction caused a significant and dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of two cancer cell lines, B16/neu mouse melanoma and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, but not on normal spleen lymphocytes in vitro. Most of these bioactivities of the Cs- HK1 fungus were comparable to or even greater than those of natural Cs. The results showed that Cs-HK1 fungus may be a functional substitute for the natural Cs in health food and herbal medicine.     

China’s bioenergy industry development roadmap

Positive development of renewable energy, saving and substitution of fossil energy, promotion of the energy structure adjustment are the inevitable strategy choices of China＇ s sustainable development. This paper discussed the China＇ s bioenergy resources status, development targets and technology development roadmaps. China has 136. 140 million hm^2 of marginal land, which distribute mainly in western and northern regions. There are 1 billion t of crop residues and forestry waste annually, and 300 million t can be used to produce different kinds of bioenergies. And organic waste and manure can generate 50 billion m3 of biogas. The discussed development target indicated that it can construct a biomass oilfield with the capacity of 100 million t/year and reduce 200 million t of CO2 emission by 2020. The bioenergy technology development roadmap indicated that the bioethanol mainly uses non grain starch and hemicellulose products as raw materials in the near-term （2006 -2010）. The biodiesel technology will focus on the advanced production technology, FT diesel, liquefaction of biomass and raw material production technology.     

Simulated change in the near-surface soil freeze/thaw cycle on the Tibetan Plateau from 1981 to 2010

The near-surface freeze/thaw cycle in cold regions plays a major role in the surface energy budget,hydrological activity,and terrestrial ecosystems.In this study,the Community Land Model,Version 4 and a suite of high-resolution atmospheric data were used to investigate the changes in the near-surface soil freeze/thaw cycle in response to the warming on the Tibetan Plateau from1981 to 2010.The in situ observations-based validation showed that,considering the cause of scale mismatch in the comparison,the simulated soil temperature,freeze start and end dates,and freeze duration at the near-surface were reasonable.In response to the warming of the Tibetan Plateau at a rate of approximately 0.44°C decade-1,the freeze start-date became delayed at an area-mean rate of1.7 days decade-1,while the freeze end-date became advanced at an area-mean rate of 4.7 days decade-1.The delaying of the freeze start-date,which was combined with the advancing of the freeze end-date,resulted in a statistically significant shortening trend with respect to the freeze duration,at an area-mean rate of 6.4 days decade-1.Such changes would strongly affect the surface energy flux,hydrological processes,and vegetation dynamics.We also found that the rate of freeze-duration shortening at the near-surface soil layer was approximately 3.0 days decade-1lower than that at a depth of 1 m.This implied that the changes in soil freeze/thaw cycles at the near surface cannot be assumed to reflect the situation in deeper soil layers.The significant correlations between freeze duration and air temperature indicated that the shortening of the near-surface freeze duration was caused by the rise in air temperature,which occurred especially in spring,followed by autumn.These results can be used to reveal the laws governing the response of the near-surface freeze/thaw cycle to climate change and indicate related changes in permafrost.     

Building mechanism exploration of new deepwater terminal in Hengsha

To promote the construction of Shanghai international shipping center, the planneu new acepwatcr terminal construction in Hengsha pushes forward the innovation and breakthroughs of the existing port manage- ment system and building mechanisms. Through reviewing, analyzing, comparing and summarizing the suc- cessful experience of the major ports at home and abroad, market-oriented recommendations will be proposed in terms of effectiveness and feasibility, as well as the idea of＂Shanghai Freeport＂.     

Inactivation of Giardia by Ozone and Its Disinfect Mechanisms

This study was to investigate the effect of ozone(O3)inactivation on Giardia in water by the fluorescence staining method.In order to elucidate the dominant mechanisms of inactivation,cell surface or inner cell components damage were comparatively examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Results suggested that O3had a stronger effect on inactivating capability.Firstly,when the concentration of O3was above 2.0 mg/L and the contact time was up to 5 min,it showed a significant inactivating effect.Secondly,the effect of turbidity on inactivation was also found to be significant in synthetic water;when turbidity increased,the inactivating effect decreased.Thirdly,the inactivating rates were improved with a temperature increase from 5 to 25℃,but decreased when the temperature were out of this range.The inactivating capability of O3was stronger under acidic conditions than alkalic conditions.Lastly,when the concentration of organic matter in the reactive system was increased,probably due to the competition between Giardia and organics on O3,the inactivating rate was decreased;in addition,the cellular morphology of Giardia varied with different contact times.At contact time of 30 s,cells were rotundity and sphericity;at 60 s they became folded,underwent emboly,and burst;and at 240 s,the cell membrane of Giardia shrinked and collapsed completely.     

Discussion on the new space of strategic development and function of Hengsha,Shanghai

Integrating various resource advantages including location, land, coastline and waterway, Heng- sha, Shanghai will be the new space of strategic development in the future （especially after 2020）. Inspired by marine economic development and continual establishment for new strategic space of coastal cities, in this pa- per we will take the strategic development direction of Hengsha new space into consideration when enlarging on the positioning of the new development space in Hengsha, which includes international logistic center （free har- bor and logistic transshipment center）, modem port industry, high-end services, tourism, leisure, and recre- ation and ecological village in downtown area.     

Fabrication Research and Property of Enhanced Petaling Cold Cathode with Carbon Nanotube

With high effective screen-printing technique, a new triode field emission display (FED)with enhanced petaling cold cathode was fabricated. For enhancing the field emission performance,a series of improved measures was adopted in the fabrication course. Seen from the fabrication structure of enhanced petaling cold cathode,the bar conducting electrode and the petaling bottom electrode were fabricated with the sintered silver slurry on cathode glass faceplate. The luminescence image with green phosphor was displayed for the sealed enhanced petaling cold cathode FED. The measured results showed that the enhanced petaling cold cathode had good field emission performance. The enhanced petaling cold cathode FED possessed low turn-on electric-field of 1. 95 V /μm,large emission current of 1 389. 6 μA,and high luminance brightness of 1 520 cd /m2 .     

The impacts of biofuels on food security and supply in China

Biofuels are the current promising alternative to fossil fuels. However, the fluctuating food prices caused by oil price led to critics to biofuels. The paper surveyed biofuels production and grain production and consumption demand, and come to the conclusion that there was a little impact of corn ethanol on international food price, and there was no impact on China＇ s food prices. China has launched non-food biofuels development strategy to use marginal lands for growing hard crops, such as sweet sorghum, tuber crops, and switchgrass etc. to produce biofuels without any impact on food security in the future.     

System identification of channel roughness for Mid-Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion

This paper presents a new method for the system identification of the channel roughness for the water di- version projects. According to the principle of hydraulics, the function relationship among channel roughness n, roughness height ks and hydraulic radius R is established, and then a linear model is deduced by means of the mathematical transformation to make use of the least square method for identification. Finally, based on the proto- type observation data from the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and considering the influence of channel lengths, cross-section shapes and bottom slopes, etc, a universal formula is obtained for calculation of channel roughness by the system identification.     

Cross-layer resource allocation based on potential game theory in multi-cell OFDMA networks

A cross-layer resource allocation scheme based on potential game （CLRA _ PG） is proposed for the downlink multi-cell orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access （OFDMA） system with universal frequency reuse.As a method to mitigate inter-cell interference （ICI）,base station coordination has been considered.In the process of the objective function modeling,this paper adopts a pricing mechanism which not only maximizes the individual utility but also considers the interference to other users.Based on the potential game theory,the objective problem is converted to a potential function which can be easily solved.The Karush-Kuhn-Tucker （KKT） conditions and the iterative water-filling algorithm are employed to solve the constraint objective optimization problem.Moreover,extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate how the pricing factors affect the algorithm.At the same time,comparing with the traditional policy,our simulation results show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the performance of the system.     

Comparison of Parallelization Strategies for Min-Sum Decoding of Irregular LDPC Codes

Low-Density Parity-Check （LDPC） codes are powerful error correcting codes. LDPC decoders have been implemented as efficient error correction codes on dedicated VLSI hardware architectures in recent years. This paper describes two strategies to parallelize min-sum decoding of irregular LDPC codes. The first implements min-sum LDPC decoders on multicore platforms using OpenMP, while the other uses the Compute Unified Device Architecture （CUDA） to parallelize LDPC decoding on Graphics Processing Units （GPUs）. Empirical studies on data with various scales show that the performance of these decoding processes is improved by these parallel strategies and the GPUs provide more efficient, fast implementation decoder.     

Google Earth-based dynamic visualization system for storm surge flood routing

To describe the dynamic process of flood routing intuitively and realistically when storm surge disaster occurs, a method for ArcGIS data and Google Earth （GE） data integration is proposed, which realizes the impor- ting and integrating of basic geographic information into GE. Based on SketchUp and AutoCAD software, three- dimension （3D） visualization of seawall and other tidal defense structures is achieved. By employing Microsoft Foundation Class Library （MFC）, the related system modules and storm surge flood routing dynamic visualization system are developed. Therefore, dynamic visualization of flood routing process and interactive query of sub- merged area and inundated depth are implemented. A practical application case study of Tianjin Binhai New Area provides decision-making support for coastal seawall planning and storm surge disaster prevention and reduction.     

An adaptive pipelining scheme for H.264/AVC CABAC decoder

An adaptive pipelining scheme for H.264/AVC context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding （CABAC） decoder for high definition （HD） applications is proposed to solve data hazard problems coming from the data dependencies in CABAC decoding process.An efficiency model of CABAC decoding pipeline is derived according to the analysis of a common pipeline.Based on that,several adaptive strategies are provided.The pipelining scheme with these strategies can be adaptive to different types of syntax elements （SEs） and the pipeline will not stall during decoding process when these strategies are adopted.In addition,the decoder proposed can fully support H.264/AVC high 4 ∶ 2 ∶ 2 profile and the experimental results show that the efficiency of decoder is much higher than other architectures with one engine.Taking both performance and cost into consideration,our design makes a good tradeoff compared with other work and it is sufficient for HD real-time decoding.     

Study on complexity of Sutong Bridge＇ s objectives system and its meta-synthesis management

Objectives define the boundaries of complex engineering system. It is a hard work to identify the specific objectives of a complex engineering system. The objectives system development needs a complicated process, from nix to prototype, and to final definition. The total process will cover the following course： from chaos to well-ordered; from qualitativeness to combination of quantitativeness and qualitativenss, then from qualitativeness to quantitativeness （ a recurrent process）, expert experience and theoretical science, rationality and sensibility, synthesis analysis and meta-synthesis, routinization and non-routinization. Such process is explicit in phase development yet overlapped ; mutually confined yet mutually independent ; permeated conflicts yet pregnant in harmony. This article explores the complexity of Sutong Bridge＇ s objectives development and the process of meta-synthesis in the Sutong Bridge engineering.     

The preparation of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanocrystals with exposed {001} facets and their visible-light photocatalytic performances

Anatase TiO2with exposed{001}facets has been deepgoingly studied for optimizing its photocatalytic activity.In this study,we synthesized N-doped TiO2 nanocrystals with exposed{001}facets by sol–gel method and solvothermal method,respectively.The physical and chemical properties of as-synthesized samples,such as morphology,crystal phase,surface elements composition,porous structure,specific surface area,and optical response,were characterized in detail.The photocatalytic performances of all samples were evaluated by photocatalytic decoloration of methylene blue under visible-light irradiation(k[420 nm).The results showed that the as-prepared samples present high visible-light photocatalytic performances,which can be ascribed to the excellent crystallization,the enhancement of absorbance in the visible-light region,and the strong adsorption performance,and calcination treatment is helpful to further improve the visible-light photocatalytic performance of N-doped TiO2 nanocrystals with exposed{001}facets.     

Enhancing Phosphorous Recovery in a Novel Biofilter System

Developing new techniques to remove and recover phosphorous simultaneously from wastewaters is very important for sustainable utilization of phosphorous resource and prevention of eutrophication. The feasibility of phosphorus bioaccumulation in a novel continuous alternating anaerobic /aerobic biofilter and benefits of such accumulation for its further recovery as magnesium ammonia phosphate （MAP） were studied. The system was operated for seven months and employed the atomic absorption spectrophotometer （AAS） method to analyze the distribution change of magnesium and calcium with phosphate in the biofilter during that period. The benefits of utilizing the biofilter system to accumulate phosphorous ＆ magnesium and suppress calcium simultaneously to phosphorous recovery as MAP were explained with the aid of chemical equilibrium models. The improved phosphorus recovery from 42% to 82% was approved in the recovery experiments and the recovery products mainly as MAP were evidenced and characterized with scanning electron microscopy （SEM） . The study provides references for designing and operating the novel alternating anaerobic /aerobic biofilter for phosphorus bioaccumulation and recovery.     

LBE–DEM simulation of inter-phase heat transfer in gas–solid cross jets

Lattice-Boltzmann equation(LBE)–Discrete element method(DEM)coupled simulation of a twodimensional gas–solid cross jet is performed,focusing on the gas-particle two-way coupling effect on heat transfer characteristics.The Reynolds number is 1000,and particle Stokes numbers are 10,25,and 50 under the same number flow rate of particles.The gas phase temperature field and particle distribution as well as the inter-phase heat transfer characteristics are studied and analyzed.The dominating effects,i.e.the mean temperature difference and mean heat transfer coefficient between the gas–solid phases,for the pre-and post-collision stages of the cross jets are illustrated respectively.The change of dominating roles is related to the dynamical response characteristics of particles.     

Error Resilient Video Communication Based on Picture Level Adaptive Frame/Field Coding

Packet loss protection method based on picture level adaptive frame /field coding （PAFF）was presented. Firstly,the end-to-end rate-distortion analysis for PAFF on the current frame was performed. Secondly,in order to evaluate the severity of error propagation in the following frames,the error propagation intensity and human visual quality sensitivity of different areas were taken into consideration. It was followed by the quantification of relative importance. Finally,the proper coding mode was chosen utilizing an unequal comparison procedure. The simulation results show that the proposed method can improve peak signal-to-noise ratio （PSNR） up to 0. 9 dB and 1. 6 dB comparing with the field only and the dispersed flexible macro-block ordering （FMO）only methods respectively.     

Development of renewable energy in China： significance ＆ strategic objectives

Based on CAE＇s research report, this paper illustrates the background and purposes of the development strategy research of renewable energy in China, emphasizes the significance of developing renewable energy in China, gives the strategic positions and development objectives of renewable energy in China in the first half of 21^st century and contributes to green house gas emissions reduction and environmental protection in China.