基于变密度法的结构强度拓扑优化策略

基于变密度法的结构强度拓扑优化中,优化结果存在灰度单元,导致结构应力水平难以准确预测,后处理前后结构应力水平变化较大.该研究通过采用基于过滤-投影的结构参数化方法,实现在迭代优化过程中结构中间密度单元比例不断下降.通过研究结构比强度问题主要优化参数对寻优过程、优化结构强度的影响规律,提出了先结构拓扑优化、后近似形状优化...     

基于(火积)耗散原理的中介水热容量优化研究

基于火积耗散优化原理,以换热器组的火积耗散最小为优化目标,对具有相变的换热器组的中介流体的热容量进行优化研究.算例显示相对换热量随中介水热容量和热导率分配比的增加而先增大后减小,存在换热量极大值;同时当量热阻随中介水热容量和热导率分配比的增加而先减小后增大,存在当量热阻极小值,极值点所对应的热容量和热导率分配为最佳结果.     

自适应渐进结构优化法的调节阀结构研究

传统渐进结构优化法的参数删除率和进化率保持固定,降低了优化过程收敛速度和结构稳定性.文中通过构造一种基于罚值选择与结构信息的参数自适应算法,使得参数随优化迭代过程进行而变化.分析典型算例结果,合适选择罚值的参数自适应渐进结构优化方法解决了传统渐进结构优化方法中参数固定且难以选择的问题,提高了优化过程中优化速度与结构稳定性.将此方法应用于调节阀设计,优化后调节阀刚度提高10%,说明参数自适应渐进结构优化方法可高效拓展至三维结构优化,并为阀门类结构设计提供参考.     

厚板转换结构拓扑优化设计

研究了高层建筑厚板转换结构拓扑优化设计问题.建立了以结构拓扑类型为设计变量、以删除体积比为约束条件、以整体结构柔度最小为目标函数的数学优化模型.基于应变能准则,采用渐进结构优化法(ESO方法)删除低应变能的单元,获取能真实反映结构内部最短传力路径优化模型.通过对竖向荷载作用下各种不同布置方式的剪力墙和柱网形式的转换厚板...     

考虑自重影响和屈曲约束的结构拓扑优化方法

为综合解决考虑自重影响和屈曲约束的结构拓扑优化问题,提出一种新的拓扑优化设计方法.首先,针对优化过程中低密度区域的伪屈曲模态问题和自重引起的寄生效应问题,同时为了减少计算量,提出了改进的材料惩罚模型,并引入伪屈曲模态的识别和删除措施.其次,为克服常规应力单元的应力刚化问题,采用混合应力单元对结构应力进行了精确评估.基于密度过滤及Heaviside三场映射方案,建立了目标函数为考虑自重影响的结构柔顺度最小、满足屈曲和体积主动约束的拓扑优化模型.利用伴随变量法对屈曲约束的灵敏度进行了推导,并采用移动渐近线(method of moving asymptotes,MMA)算法对模型进行了优化求解.最后,通过算例说明了本研究方法的正确性和可行性.     

基于影响区域节点密度插值的结构拓扑优化方法

变密度法是结构拓扑优化中一种常用的处理方法,但在优化过程中会出现棋盘格、网格依赖性、灰度单元等数值不稳定现象.为解决单元变密度法中出现的棋盘格问题,在优化过程中引入节点密度作为设计变量.在提出基于影响区域节点密度插值优化方法的同时,给出了一种基于等密度线的后处理方法.计算结果表明该方法在消除棋盘格现象的同时,处理了网格依赖性问题,并消除了结果中的灰度单元现象.     

基于密度法的传热结构拓扑优化设计

传统的传热结构设计一般是基于热力学计算及工程经验,然而这种方法很难解决复杂边界条件的传热结构的设计问题.采用传热结构拓扑优化设计方法可有效解决传统设计方法难以解决的复杂边界问题.以密度法为基础,建立了散热弱度为目标函数的传热结构拓扑优化数学模型,推出了满足KKT(Karush-Kuhn-Tucker)条件的最优准则法迭代公式.采用高阶单元的方法消除了优化过程中的数值不稳定现象.通过Dirichlet边界和Neumann边界不同组合下的数值算例,验证了算法的有效性.薄壁管的算例也表明,该算法也适用于三维壳体问题.     

连续体结构拓扑优化的过滤变密度法

为了解决经典变密度法存在的灰度单元收敛过慢以及优化结果灰度单元过多问题,引入带灰度过滤函数的变密度法模型.根据过滤函数的性质,给出了2个带可调参数的过滤函数模型.通过经典MBB梁优化算例,比较过滤函数对灰度问题的改善效果,分析了参数对优化目标的影响并给出了合理的参数选择模式.计算结果表明了此方法的合理性和有效性.带灰度过滤函数的变密度法一方面使得优化结果具有较好的0—1清晰性;另一方面,过滤函数加快了灰度单元的收敛速度,从而减少了优化收敛所需的迭代次数.     

考虑惯性载荷的多材料结构拓扑优化

基于导重法构建了惯性载荷作用下的多材料结构拓扑优化数学模型，在体积约束下使得其结构柔度最小.将多材料拓扑优化问题分解为一系列单材料拓扑优化问题，采用材料属性有理近似模型（Rational Approximation of Material Properties，RAMP）来表达密度与弹性模量间假定的非线性函数关系，利用导重法建立惯性载荷下设计变量的迭代表达式并通过数值算例验证导重法在考虑惯性载荷作用下多材料结构拓扑优化的有效性.算例结果表明：RAMP插值方法相比其他常用插值模型得到的拓扑构型更清晰，灰度单元更少，在算例1的对比中结构柔度最高降低了35.2%.受惯性载荷影响越大的设计区域其分布的材料弹性模量越大，且高模量密度比能够显著提升结构刚度.     

功能梯度材料拓扑优化研究

改进了传统的双向渐进拓扑优化(BESO)方法,引入了新的增删单元准则,结合梯度单元法成功地对功能梯度材料进行了拓扑优化,对今后进一步的发展作了展望。     

Constructal entransy dissipation rate minimization for ＂disc-to-point＂ heat conduction

Based on constructal theory,"disc-to-point" heat conduction is optimized by minimizing the entransy dissipation rate whereby a critical point is determined that distributes the high-conductivity material according to optimized radial or branch patterns.The results show that the critical point is determined by the product of the thermal conductivity ratio of the two materials and the volume fraction of the high-conductivity material allocated to the entire volume.The notion of optimal heat transfer performance can be attributed to the disc based on the entransy dissipation extremum principle.Comparing the results based on EDR minimization (entransy dissipation rate minimization) with those based on MTD minimization (maximum temperature difference minimization),one finds that the performance derived from the two optimization procedures are different.When the product of the thermal conductivity ratio and volume fraction is 30,the critical point of the former procedure is that for which the nondimensional radius of the disc equals 1.75,while that of the latter procedure is that for which this radius of the disc equals 2.18.Comparing heat transfer performances from the two procedures,the mean heat transfer temperature difference is decreased more for the former procedure thereby receiving an improved performance quota.     

Constructal entransy dissipation rate minimization for a heat generating volume cooled by forced convection

The geometry of a heat generating volume cooled by forced convection is optimized by applying the entransy dissipation extremum principle and constructal theory, while the optimal spacing between the adjacent tubes and the optimal diameter of each tube are obtained based on entransy dissipation rate minimization. The results of this work show that the optimal constructs based on entransy dissipation rate minimization and maximum temperature difference minimization, respectively, are clearly different. For the former, the porosity of the volume of channels allocated to the heat generating volume is 1/2; while for the latter, the larger the porosity is, the better the performance will be. The optimal construct of the former greatly decreases the mean thermal resistance and improves the global heat transfer performance of the system compared with the optimal construct of the latter. This is identical to the essential requirement of the entransy dissipation extremum principle that the required heat transfer temperature difference is minimal with the same heat transfer rate (the given amount of heat generated in the heat generating volume) based on the entransy dissipation extremum principle.     

第一类边界条件下的松散煤体非稳态传热反问题研究

为实现松散煤体热物性参数的高效准确获取,对第1类边界条件下的松散煤体非稳态传热反问题进行了研究.利用超级恒温水浴生成恒温水介质,结合底部为黄铜板的试样盒构建恒温边界,然后基于第1类边界条件下的一维非稳态传热模型,利用随机共轭梯度法估计松散煤体导热系数和比定压热容等.参数灵敏度分析表明,松散煤体导热系数与比定压热容可同时估计,但因比定压热容灵敏度系数较低,导致参数反演估计精度不高,从而采用先估计热扩散率,然后再对比定压热容进行修正的策略,实现了松散煤体导热系数及比定压热容的准确估计.通过建立的测试装置,进行了松散煤体热物性参数估计实验.结果表明:采用的松散煤体热物性反演估计算法具有较好的准确性和抗不适定性,初始猜测值对参数反演估计结果没有明显影响,而温度测量标准差达到0.6时,参数反演相对误差也仅为7.53%.     

Constructal optimization on T-shaped cavity based on entransy dissipation minimization

The entransy dissipation extremum principle provides new warranty and criterion for optimization of heat transfer. For a heat transfer model of a rectangular solid wall with an open T-shaped cavity, a dimensionless equivalent thermal resistance based on entransy dissipation is taken as optimization objective, and constructal optimization for the model is carried out when the system volume, the cavity volume and the volume of rectangle occupied by T-shaped cavity are fixed. Numerical results indicate that the optimal geometry construct of cavity can be schemed out based on entransy dissipation extremum principle. The formulation of dimensionless global （maximum） thermal resistance presented in a literature is modified; some new rules which are different from those reported in the literature are obtained based on the minimization of the modified objective. Comparisons of the numerical results show that the optimal system constructs deduced respectively from the two thermal resistance objectives are very different. The optimization by taking equivalent thermal resistance minimization as objective can more effectively reduce mean temperature difference of heat transfer than the optimization by taking maximum thermal resistance minimization as objective, so that the performance of heat transfer for the total system can be improved. The more freedom the cavity has, the better the total system performance is. The correlations of the equivalent thermal resistance and the maximum thermal resistance of the system and three geometric degrees of freedom are found by using function fitting.     

Constructal entransy optimizations for insulation layer of steel rolling reheating furnace wall with convective and radiative boundary conditions

Based on the entransy dissipation extremum principle for thermal insulation process, the constructal optimizations for a plane insulation layer of the steel rolling reheating furnace wall with convective and radiative boundary conditions are carried out by taking the minimization of entransy dissipation rate as optimization objective. The optimal construct of the plane insulation layer is obtained. The results show that for the convective heat transfer boundary condition, the optimal constructs of the insulation layer obtained based on the minimizations of the entransy dissipation rate and heat loss rate are obvi- ously different. Comparing the optimal construct obtained based on the minimization of the entransy dissipation rate with that based on the minimization of the heat loss rate, the entransy dissipation rate is reduced by 5.98 %, which makes the global thermal insulation performance of the insulation layer improve. For the combined convective and radiative heat transfer boundary condition, compared the insulation layer having an increasing thickness with that having constant thickness and a decreasing thickness, the entransy dissipation rates are reduced by 16.59 % and 39.72 %, respectively, and the global thermal insulation performance of the insulation layer is greatly improved.There exits an optimal constant coefficient α2,opt which leads to the minimum dimensionless entransy dissipation rate of the insulation layer. The difference between the optimal constant coefficients α2,opt obtained based on the minimizations of the entransy dissipation rate and the maximum temperature gradient of the insulation layer is small. This makes the corresponding thermal stress obtained based on the minimum dimensionless entransy dissipation rate also be small, and the global thermal insulation performance and thermal safety of the insulation layer are improved simultaneously. The results obtained can provide some guidelines for the optimal designs of the insulation layers.     

静电植绒法制备石墨微鳞片高导热界面材料

为了制备高导热、低热阻的大面积导热界面材料,使用静电植绒法在高电压静电场下垂直取向石墨微鳞片,取向后的石墨微鳞片阵列在平面方向上呈现无规且紧凑的结构。通过微粉灌注法向石墨微鳞片中填充高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）或聚氨酯微粉,或者通过液态刮涂法填充低黏度硅橡胶前驱体,加热固化后,形成大面积高导热界面材料。导热性能测试结果表明：石墨微鳞片阵列（粒径1 000 μm）与柔性聚氨酯微粉复合形成的导热膜在68.95 kPa和689.5 kPa的压力下测得的垂直方向导热率分别为4.3 W/（m·K）和8.7 W/（m·K）;与柔性硅橡胶复合形成的导热膜在68.95 kPa和344.75 kPa的压力下测得的垂直方向导热率分别为2.0 W/（m·K）和4.1 W/（m·K）;与硬质HDPE微粉复合形成的导热膜由于表面过于粗糙和坚硬,无法测得可靠的导热率。实际散热效果显示,柔性硅橡胶导热膜与石墨纸贴合的散热结构能够将热聚集点的热量快速传递到石墨纸表面,并通过石墨纸层均匀散开。     

高导热石墨烯/萘甲醇复合薄膜的制备及其在LED上的应用

石墨烯由于具有超高的导热性能,在热管理上有着广阔的应用前景。从修复结构缺陷出发,以氧化石墨烯为原料,有机小分子萘甲醇为修复剂,采用蒸发自组装法制备氧化石墨烯/萘甲醇(GO/NMT)复合薄膜,然后经过高温石墨化得到石墨化–石墨烯/萘甲醇(g-GO/NMT)薄膜。通过SEM、FT-IR、XRD、拉曼对制备的复合薄膜进行结构分析,并对其导热性能进行测试,当NMT的添加量为15%时,薄膜热导率达856.476 W/(m·K ),比石墨化–石墨烯(g-GO)薄膜的热导率提高了35%;通过对商用LED灯芯实际散热进行测试,g-GO膜的表面温度高达33.7 ℃,而g-GO/NMT复合膜的温度较低,仅为31.5 ℃。研究结果表明,g-GO/NMT复合膜具有更好的散热性能和更有效的热管理能力。     

利用改进DBSCAN算法的管制雷达目标标定方法

为探究基于眼动数据的管制雷达目标标定方法,利用雷达管制模拟机、眼动仪等搭建实验平台,召集8名管制学员参加模拟航空管制实验并收集眼动数据.使用具有噪声的基于密度的聚类算法(DBSACN,density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise)处理注视点数据过程中,主观输入的参数会导致无法很好完成聚类,笔者提出基于K-最邻近算法和变密度阈值设定法,从自适应选取邻域值和变密度阈值设计两方面对DBSCAN算法进行改进,并实现了算法的自适应运行.对改进过程中采用拟合分布密度函数极值点结合放大系数确定邻域值的方法进行验证,发现对不同雷达目标误差仅为8.6％和10％,表明改进方法具有一定的适用性.通过比对不同航空器目标兴趣区的提取结果,发现提出的管制雷达目标标定方法具有一定的准确性和普适性.     

冻土导热系数试验方法对比研究

采用热线法和热流计法分别对粉质黏土的冻土试样和融土试样进行了导热系数的测定.两种试验结果均反映出导热系数随含水率增大而增大,随干密度增大而增大的变化规律.通过回归分析得出导热系数受含水率的影响明显大于干密度的影响.将两种试验方法所得结果进行比较,并进行差异显著性检验.两种试验方法中,热线法所得导热系数更大,而试验方法的不同对导热系数的数值影响十分显著.在实际工程中进行温度场模拟和热工计算时,需要选择适当的试验方法获取数据,以避免分析结果严重偏离实际.     

生物组织热导率的脉冲衰减法测量

采用脉冲-衰减法测量生物组织的热导率,通过合理设计测量电路、选择电路参数,可以使脉冲输入期间探头输入功率的变化小于1％．当测量工况变化时,探头输入功率会产生较大变化,为此,提出了改进的脉冲衰减法．采用本方法,还可以适当提高脉冲输入期间探头的输入功率以增加探头温升,从而减少探头输入功率测量误差以及温度测量段温度测量误差的影响,提高热导率的测量精度．测量结果表明,由于脉冲-衰减法在推导时没有考虑探头尺寸的影响,造成热导率的测量值偏大;为此,进一步给出了一种热导率的测量值的简单修正方法,经修正后的热导率的最大误差为4．25％,平均误差为2．05％．