Structure of the pancreatic lipase-procolipase complex.

Interfacial adsorption of pancreatic lipase is strongly dependent on the physical chemical properties of the lipid surface. These properties are affected by amphiphiles such as phospholipids and bile salts. In the presence of such amphiphiles, lipase binding to the interface requires a protein cofactor, colipase. We obtained crystals of the pancreatic lipase-procolipase complex and solved the structure at 3.04 A resolution. Here we describe the structure of procolipase, which essentially consists of three 'fingers' and is topologically comparable to snake toxins. The tips of the fingers contain most of the hydrophobic amino acids and presumably form the interfacial binding site. Lipase binding occurs at the opposite side to this site and involves polar interactions. Determination of the three-dimensional structure of pancreatic lipase has revealed the presence of two domains: an amino-terminal domain, at residues 1-336 containing the active site and a carboxy-terminal domain at residues 337-449 (ref. 6). Procolipase binds exclusively to the C-terminal domain of lipase. No conformational change in the lipase molecule is induced by the binding of procolipase.     

Ser-His-Glu triad forms the catalytic site of the lipase from Geotrichum candidum

The Ser-His-Asp triad is a well known structural feature of the serine proteases. It has also been directly observed in the catalytic sites of two lipases, whose high-resolution three-dimensional structures have been determined 1,2. Lipases show a wide variety of sizes, substrate and positional specificities, and catalytic rates 3. They achieve maximal catalytic rates at oil-water interfaces. The fungus Geotrichum candidum produces several different forms of lipases, two of which have been purified to homogeneity 4,5. Two lipase genes have been identified, cloned and sequenced 6,7. Both code for proteins of 544 amino acids with a total relative molecular mass of about 60,000 (Mr 60K). The two forms are 86% identical. Their isoelectric points differ slightly, being between 4.3 and 4.6. About 7% of the total Mr is carbohydrate. Until now, only a low resolution structure of GCL has been reported 8, but no high resolution structure has followed. We now report the three-dimensional structure of a lipase from G. candidum (GCL) at 2.2 A resolution. Unlike the other lipases and serine proteases, the catalytic triad of GCL is Ser-His-Glu, with glutamic acid replacing the usual aspartate. Although the sequence similarity with the other two lipases is limited to the region near the active-site serine, there is some similarity in their three-dimensional structures. The GCL is also an alpha/beta protein with a central mixed beta sheet whose topology is similar to that of the N-terminal domain of human pancreatic lipase. As in the other lipases 1,2, the catalytic site is buried under surface loops. Sequence comparisons with proteins from the cholinesterase family suggest that they also contain the Ser-His-Glu triad.     

A model for interfacial activation in lipases from the structure of a fungal lipase-inhibitor complex

Lipases are hydrolytic enzymes which break down triacylglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerols. They have been classified as serine hydrolases owing to their inhibition by diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Lipase activity is greatly increased at the lipid-water interface, a phenomenon known as interfacial activation. X-ray analysis has revealed the atomic structures of two triacylglycerol lipases, unrelated in sequence: the human pancreatic lipase (hPL)4, and an enzyme isolated from the fungus Rhizomucor (formerly Mucor) miehei (RmL). In both enzymes the active centres contain structurally analogous Asp-His-Ser triads (characteristic of serine proteinases), which are buried completely beneath a short helical segment, or 'lid'. Here we present the crystal structure (at 3 A resolution) of a complex of R. miehei lipase with n-hexylphosphonate ethyl ester in which the enzyme's active site is exposed by the movement of the helical lid. This movement also increases the nonpolarity of the surface surrounding the catalytic site. We propose that the structure of the enzyme in this complex is equivalent to the activated state generated by the oil-water interface.     

根霉脂肪酶催化水解（R,S）—环氧丙醇丁酸酯的反应特性

对根霉脂肪酶的粗酶拆分（Ｒ,Ｓ）－环氧丙醇丁酸酯的水解反应进行了初步研究,结果表明：３０℃下ＰＨ５．３时反应初速度最大;ＰＨ５．５－６．０地酶的立体选择季最高,对映体比率（Ｅ值）为５７。４２℃下ＰＨ５．５时反应初速度最大;酶的立体选择性随温度升高而下降,酶促水解反应中未到产物和底物抑制现象,根霉发酵液中脂肪酶的反应特性与硫酸铵沉淀法所得粗酶相吻合。     

Archaeal acylamino acid releasing enzyme/lipase:Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis in a new crystal form

A primitive orthorhombic crystal form of acylamino acid releasing enzyme‘lipase(APE1547)from hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix strain K1 has been obtained at 291K.The diffraction pattern of the crystal extends to 0.27nm resolution at 100K using Cu Kαradiation.The crystal belongs to the space group P212121 with unit cell dimensions of b=6.399,b=10.439and c=16.953nm.The presence of two molecules per asymmetric unit gives a crystal volume per protein mass(Vm)of 0.0022nm^3 Da^-1 and a solvent content of 43% by volume.A full set of X-ray diffraction data were collected to 0.3nm from the native crystal.     

有机相中脂肪酶催化拆分环氧丙醇的研究

用正交实验方法筛选出有机相中酶促拆分环氧丙醇反应的最适酶源为猪胰脂肪酶(PPL ) .考察溶剂、酰基供体和加酶量对反应的影响 ,确定有机相中酶促拆分环氧丙醇的最适反应条件     

抗帕金森新药雷莎吉兰盐酸盐合成的改进

以1-茚酮为原料,经缩合、还原、拆分、催化氢化得R-1-氨基茚,再与3-溴丙炔反应,经成盐合成雷莎吉兰盐酸盐.产物经熔点,质谱,核磁共振谱及旋光测定得以确定.     

固定化脂肪酶催化（R，JS）-1-苯乙醇转酯化拆分反应及动力学研究

利用制备的舍Fe304无机磁性复合物FSN固定假单胞茵脂肪酶（Pseudomonas sp Lipase,PSL）,获得具有高活性、高对映体选择性和易分离的固定化酶PSL／FSN．乙酸乙烯酯做酰化试剂,PSL／FSN在正庚烷溶剂中催化（R,S）-1-苯乙醇转酯化拆分反应,40℃反应2h时,（S）-1-苯乙醇对映体过量值eep和（R）-乙酸-1-苯乙酯的对映体过量值eep均为99％,（R,S）-1-苯乙醇的转化率达到理论值。固定化酶PSL／FSN在70℃经2h热处理,其活性和对映选择性没有明显的下降;PSL／FSN重复使用10次,其活性和对映体选择性未出现衰减。基于实验数据,研究了固定化酶催化（R,S）-1-苯乙醇转酯化拆分反应的动力学行为,获得了（R,S）-1-苯乙醇转酯化拆分反应的动力学方程。     

Structural insight into antibiotic fosfomycin biosynthesis by a mononuclear iron enzyme

The biosynthetic pathway of the clinically important antibiotic fosfomycin uses enzymes that catalyse reactions without precedent in biology. Among these is hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase, which represents a new subfamily of non-haem mononuclear iron enzymes. Here we present six X-ray structures of this enzyme: the apoenzyme at 2.0 A resolution; a native Fe(II)-bound form at 2.4 A resolution; a tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-Co(II)-enzyme complex structure at 1.8 A resolution; a substrate-Co(II)-enzyme complex structure at 2.5 A resolution; and two substrate-Fe(II)-enzyme complexes at 2.1 and 2.3 A resolution. These structural data lead us to suggest how this enzyme is able to recognize and respond to its substrate with a conformational change that protects the radical-based intermediates formed during catalysis. Comparisons with other family members suggest why substrate binding is able to prime iron for dioxygen binding in the absence of alpha-ketoglutarate (a co-substrate required by many mononuclear iron enzymes), and how the unique epoxidation reaction of hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase may occur.     

仿水溶剂促进酶促拆分环氧丙醇的研究

利用脂肪酶在非水介质中对外消旋环氧丙醇进行不对称酯合成反应, 重点研究了强极性有机溶剂作为仿水溶剂完全替代反应体系中的微量“必须”水对酶促拆分反应的影响. 实验结果表明, 乙腈作为仿水溶剂（最佳用量为0.4%）在适量无水硫酸钠（0.04 g左右）的配合下, 可以有效除去酯合成反应产生的水. 在最适反应条件下, 制备得到光学纯度约为90%的单一手性环氧丙醇酯.     

掺杂量对ZnO∶Tb复合薄膜的形貌和光学性能的影响

采用的两步法——先溅射成膜,后退火处理的工艺成功制备了ZnO:Tb复合薄膜,结合XRD、SEM、PL等手段研究了掺杂量对薄膜结构和形貌的影响.发现掺杂量为4.16%时,ZnO:Tb薄膜表面形成新奇T-A-ZnO结构以及不同直径和长度的螺纹状纳米棒;同时出现378 nm和387 nm两个较强的紫外发光峰,以及中心波长位于515 nm的强绿光峰.     

用壳聚糖修饰的MCM-48固定化脂肪酶拆分（R，S）-1-苯乙醇

研究了涂覆壳聚糖（CS）的介孔分子筛MCM-48固定化假单胞菌脂肪酶（PSL）,及其在（R,S）-1-苯乙醇转酯化拆分反应中的催化性能．结果表明,壳聚糖与MCM-48的质量比为1：10时,用有机相固定化法制备的固定化酶PsL／CS-MCM-48显示了较高的催化活性及对映选择性,且高于游离酶和纯壳聚糖固定化酶PSL/CS．在PSL／CS-MCM-48的催化作用下,1-苯乙醇的转化率（C）达到46．9％,（S）-1-苯乙醇的对映体过量值（ees）达到87．5％,产物（R）-1-乙酸苯乙酯的对映体过量值（eep）大于99％,对映选择性参数（E）为576．同时,PSL／CS-MCM-48对（R,S）-1-苯乙醇催化转酯化拆分具有良好的重复使用性．     

高光学纯度2-氯-1-苯乙醇的酶法合成

为实现手性2-氯-1-苯乙醇两个高纯度对映体的酶法合成,考察了多种脂肪酶的动力学拆分效果,并探讨了有机溶剂、温度以及水活度对脂肪酶催化拆分(R,S)-2-氯-1-苯乙醇的影响,研究了固定化酶的重复利用性.结果表明:一种来自Pseudomonas cepacia的固定化脂肪酶Lipase PS IM,在正己烷体系、35℃和水活度0.69时,能同时得到两个高纯度的对映体(ee_p 99%,ee_s 99%);经过5次重复反应后Lipase PS IM的相对酶活仍有85%.     

一种测量土工布撕破试验力的传感器

传感器的形式很多,应用于各个领域。S型传感器应用比较广泛,而市场上的传感器价格普遍较高,如何降低成本,又能保证实用、精美,是值得讨论的问题。文中从应变电测方法角度设计和制作了一种S型的400N拉压力传感器,可用于测量土工布撕破强力的大小,并对其进行标定、应用检验及有限元分析。结果表明设计的力传感器具有灵敏度高、稳定性好、结构紧凑等优点,从而为土工布的工程应用提供了必要的试验依据。     

基于阶跃恢复二极管的梳状波设计

在许多领域,直接倍频仍作为频率合成的主要手段。阶跃恢复二极管单级倍频次数可达10-20以上．可由晶体振荡器直接倍频到微波,得到稳定的频率输出[1-2]。本文介绍了采用阶跃恢复二板管产生梳状波的方法,具有工作频带宽、频率稳定度高、噪声低、电路简单等优点,经制作电路板验证,电路的频带,单边带相位噪声和频率分辨率都达到了预先的设计要求,取得了预期的效果。     

医院门诊服务系统的GPSS/H仿真及其结果分析

使用仿真语言GPSS/H对医院门诊服务系统进行仿真 .通过分析仿真结果 ,提出若干改进系统结构和运行性能的具体建议 .     

The three-dimensional structure of the bacterial virus MS2

The structure of the icosahedral bacteriophage MS2 has been determined to 3.3 A resolution by X-ray crystallography. The phase determination involved both molecular replacement at low resolution using a known structure and heavy-atom substitution. The coat protein has no structural similarity to that of any other known RNA virus.     

Crystal structure of a copper-transporting PIB-type ATPase

Heavy-metal homeostasis and detoxification is crucial for cell viability. P-type ATPases of the class IB (PIB) are essential in these processes, actively extruding heavy metals from the cytoplasm of cells. Here we present the structure of a PIB-ATPase, a Legionella pneumophila CopA Cu(+)-ATPase, in a copper-free form, as determined by X-ray crystallography at 3.2 ? resolution. The structure indicates a three-stage copper transport pathway involving several conserved residues. A PIB-specific transmembrane helix kinks at a double-glycine motif displaying an amphipathic helix that lines a putative copper entry point at the intracellular interface. Comparisons to Ca(2+)-ATPase suggest an ATPase-coupled copper release mechanism from the binding sites in the membrane via an extracellular exit site. The structure also provides a framework to analyse missense mutations in the human ATP7A and ATP7B proteins associated with Menkes' and Wilson's diseases.     

大孔疏水载体的制备及其在脂肪酶固定化中的应用

以苯乙烯(St)为功能单体,二乙烯基苯(DVB)为交联剂,采用固液联合致孔的方式,制备了疏水多孔载体。将多孔载体用于脂肪酶Candida sp.99-125的固定化,得780U/g的固定化活力。固定化使酶在30～50℃范围内热稳定性得到了明显的提高,最适反应温度提高了5℃,在pH6.0～9.0范围内酶的相对活力有所提高,最适pH不变仍为8.0。固定化酶单次催化油酸和十六醇的酯化率达98%,其操作稳定性好,连续间歇操作15批,酯化率仍可达到50%。     

X-ray structure of a prokaryotic pentameric ligand-gated ion channel

Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) are key players in the early events of electrical signal transduction at chemical synapses. The family codes for a structurally conserved scaffold of channel proteins that open in response to the binding of neurotransmitter molecules. All proteins share a pentameric organization of identical or related subunits that consist of an extracellular ligand-binding domain followed by a transmembrane channel domain. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is the most thoroughly studied member of the pLGIC family (for recent reviews see refs 1-3). Two sources of structural information provided an architectural framework for the family. The structure of the soluble acetylcholine-binding protein (AChBP) defined the organization of the extracellular domain and revealed the chemical basis of ligand interaction. Electron microscopy studies of the nAChR from Torpedo electric ray have yielded a picture of the full-length protein and have recently led to the interpretation of an electron density map at 4.0 A resolution. Despite the wealth of experimental information, high-resolution structures of any family member have so far not been available. Until recently, the pLGICs were believed to be only expressed in multicellular eukaryotic organisms. The abundance of prokaryotic genome sequences, however, allowed the identification of several homologous proteins in bacterial sources. Here we present the X-ray structure of a prokaryotic pLGIC from the bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi (ELIC) at 3.3 A resolution. Our study reveals the first structure of a pLGIC at high resolution and provides an important model system for the investigation of the general mechanisms of ion permeation and gating within the family.