Kerogen——as a sort of organic bearer of gold in gold-bearing formations

Organic component, organic carbon and gold content analyses were used to study the relationship between gold mineralization and organic matter in major host rocks of three different chronological gold-bearing formations of South China. The results show that the organic matter of host rocks in various chronological major gold-bearing formations of South China has associated with gold mineralization in genesis. There is a positive correlation between gold and organic carbon in the host rocks of gold-bearing formations. Gold element was mainly enriched in insoluble organic matter—kerogen. Gold content of the kerogen is commonly higher from a few tens to several hundred times than that of the whole rocks, up to 5%–40% gold of the whole rocks. Gold remaining in the kerogen was considered an organic group of the kerogen to combine with ionic gold in solution through surface absorption, ion exchange complex reaction and chelation so that the kerogen could have become an important sort of organic bearer of gold in gold-bearing formations.     

Kinetics of early methane generation from Green River shale

During oil/gas exploration in an area, there is a question as to whether methane in the strata was generatedin situ mainly by thermal degradation of local organic matter. The key to the question is whether the kerogen could produce methane of more than 80 mL/g TOC, when its R_o increased from initial (0.36%) to current value of 0.70% during thermal evolution. The authors have made efforts to answer this question by the kinetics method. First, a series of pyrolysis experiments were carried out to obtain data of methane yield and R_o evolution, from which kinetic parameters of methane and R_o were derived; then these parameters were extrapolated to the geological condition and finally, a methane yield, 96 mL/g TOC, was predicted. The result suggests that from the view of hydrocarbon generation, methane in the seam should be from thermal degradation of local kerogen.     

黑土对冻融有机质的吸附作用

用批次实验方法研究黑土对冻融溶解性有机质（DOM, 来源于秸秆和污泥）的吸附作用. 结果表明, 在DOM平衡质量浓度范围内, 多数情况下DOM不仅
未被黑土吸附, 反而促进黑土有机质的解吸释放. 与未冻融DOM相比, 冻融DOM对黑土有机质的解吸释放作用更强. 冻融DOM对黑土有机质的解吸释放作用受体系pH值、 离子强度和离子类型影响较大: DOM对黑土有机质的解吸作用随pH值的增加和离子强度的降低而增加; 当离子类型为二价阳离子Ca²⁺时, DOM对黑土有机质的解吸作用大于离子类型为一价阳离子的情形; 在不同阴离子条件下, DOM对黑土有机质的解吸作用为Cl^->SO^2-₄>NO^-_3.     

扬子地块西北缘、西南缘卡林型金矿的干酪根与金矿化关系

根据干酪根的元素组成及其他的矿床地质，地球化学特征确定，扬了地块西北缘，西南缘的卡林型金矿床的干酪根属腐泥干酪根，干酪根的元素组成和成熟度是判别大型卡型金矿床和小型卡林型金矿床或矿点的重要标志，大型卡型金矿床的干酪根，碳的平均含量为４２．５５％。氢的平均含量为１．６９％，氧的平均含量为５．０３％，小型卡林型矿床或矿点的干酪根，碳的平均含量为７７．２３％，氢的平均含量为１．２２％，氧的平均含量为４．     

The antipole evolution effect of immature-low mature organic matter ——Report from low-temperature low-pressure artificial hydropyrolysis experiment

The low-temperature and low-pressure artificial hydropyrolysis experiment proves that at the immature-low mature thermal evolution stage of source rock, the condensation reaction and the thermal degradation reaction occur continuously and simultaneously in both soluble organic matter and insoluble organic matter. This process was called "antipole evolution", which means transformation into two opposing extremes. The soluble organic matter and insoluble organic matter constitute an organic related integrity, transforming mutually in a dynamic equilibrium. Non-hydrocarbon and asphaltene are key intermediates between kerogen and hydrocarbon . Asphaltene is one of the major sources of immature hydrocarbons.     

沁水盆地石炭-二叠煤系地层烃源岩特征及生烃有利区评价

对山西沁水盆地石炭－二叠煤系地层烃源岩的有机地化资料进行分析总结。结果表明,山西组和太原组煤岩样品显微组分以镜质组为主,其次为惰质组,稳定组分（壳质组＋腐泥组）的质量分数一般低于11.2％;干酪根 H／C 原子比主要集中在0.20～0.85,O／C 原子比主要集中在0.02～0.10,属高演化Ⅲ型有机质;煤岩碳同位素普遍偏重,为－23‰～－25.6‰;沥青“A”中,饱和烃的质量分数大多数＜25％,芳烃为11％～58％,饱／芳比值一般为＜0.4。煤系泥岩显微组分以镜质组为主,其次是惰质组,壳质组较低;H／C 原子比主要在0.25～0.75,O／C 原子比主要在0.03～0.20,属高演化Ⅲ型有机质,小部分属于Ⅱ2型有机质;碳同位素偏重,为－23.5‰～－25.9‰,饱和烃质量分数＜25％,大部分＜20％。太原组灰岩以Ⅱ2型干酪根为主,碳同位素轻于山西组及太原组煤岩及泥岩,主要在－26.0‰～－30.0‰。制定了适合沁水盆地煤系地层中煤岩和泥岩的生烃潜力评价标准,对烃源岩有利生烃区进行评价。综合认为,沁水盆地山西组煤岩总体上是中等－好烃源岩,以盆地两翼为好,中部和南部为中等－差烃源岩;太原组煤岩总体上为中等－好烃源岩,两翼大部分为好烃源岩,沁县－祁县－榆次－榆社一带以及南部地区为差－中等烃源岩;沁水盆地山西组泥岩总体上为中等偏差的烃源岩,只有西部部分地区为好烃源岩,盆地中部地区烃源岩生烃潜力比两翼差;太原组泥岩总体上为中等偏差的烃源岩,西部局部地区为好烃源岩,盆地边缘比盆地中央的生烃潜力稍大一些。     

半封闭半开放体系下不同演化程度干酪根的太赫兹光谱特性

本文应用太赫兹时域光谱技术研究了灰色泥岩在半封闭半开放体系下经历不同生烃模拟温度、压力所得干酪根的光学性质,获得了不同干酪根样品在太赫兹波段的吸收谱和折射率,结合样品的镜质体反射率,建立了干酪根在不同演化阶段的生烃模式,分析了干酪根样品在地质升温速率下的自然演化过程及主生烃期,为研究烃源岩的演化及油气生成提供了参考．     

生烃热模拟实验方法述评

生烃热模拟实验是烃源岩成烃潜力与资源评价的重要手段,可再现地质体中有机质热解演化过程,为评价盆地成烃潜力、过程与机理、推导成烃模式及动力学提供理论依据和实验资料。模拟实验样品的选择取决于研究目的和沉积盆地中有机质的类型及演化程度,实验模拟装置体系主要有开放体系和封闭体系两种,开放体系模拟有机质初始裂解反应,封闭体系模拟原油和天然气的二次裂解反应。通过温度、压力、水介质及矿物质等不同实验条件下有机质成烃的模拟实验研究,使实验条件尽量接近地质实际条件,结合沉积盆地热史、沉积史,实验结果可揭示生烃史与沉积盆地的演化关系,为盆地模拟提供重要参数;模拟结果可有效外推到地质实际揭示烃类形成机理和排烃效率。开发岩石围压控制等新的实验技术,加强天然气二次裂解动力学研究、有机质、地层水和矿物质相互作用及孔隙发育条件下的高温高压模拟是生烃热模拟实验领域的发展方向,对页岩气等非常规油气资源评价具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地宜川地区上古生界烃源岩评价

依据氢指数（HI）、降解率（PC/TOC）等两个方面的地球化学指标,按照煤系地层烃源岩有机质类型划分标准,对研究区的山西-太原组烃源层的有机质类型作剖析,进行上古生界烃源岩系统评价。研究认为,本溪组烃源岩主要是泥岩,有机质丰度平均2.51%,泥岩干酪根母质类型主体属腐殖型干酪根,即Ⅲ型干酪根;太原组暗色泥岩有机质丰度平均2.26%,煤层比较发育,有机质丰度平均81.66%;山西组的泥岩比较发育,泥岩有机质丰度平均2.26%,煤层有机质丰度平均72.66%。本区上古生界干酪根显微组分都以镜质组为主,显示干酪根母质为腐殖型,即Ⅲ型干酪根,热成熟度演化较高,Ro都大于2.5%,Tmax为490℃以上,表明泥岩已达到过成熟阶段,本区暗色泥岩及煤层属中等—好气源岩,此次烃源岩的认识对该区下一步的勘探提供重要的依据。     

The role of sulfur in the pyrolysis of kerogen

Sulfur plays an important role in the generation and evolution of hydrocarbon from organic matter. Here, a pyrolysis experiment in closed system was performed on Maoming oil shales kerogen (Type Ⅰ), Maoming oil shales kerogen added with sulfur ether and Maoming oil shales kerogen added with sulphur. The results suggest that the existence of sulfur can result in: (i) higher yield of hydrocarbons generated from the kerogen; (ii) decrease of the temperature for the maximum generation of heavy hydrocarbons (the C15+ fraction) by 20℃; (iii) decrease of the temperature for the maximum generation of the aromatics fraction by 40℃, and (iv) acceleration of the aromatization process. The pyrolysates from kerogen added with sulfur are similar to the heating products of the sulfur-rich kerogen as reported in the literatures. It seems that the sulfur catalysis is also an important factor that can make the sulfur-rich kerogen generate low-mature oil at the earlier diagenesis stage, except for the weakness of the C-S and S-S bonds.     

滇黔桂微细浸染型金矿深部物源的稀土元素证据

通过稀土元素配分模式的详细对比和地球化学演化规律的研究，论证了滇黔桂地区金矿的成矿物质主要来源于上地幔分异，但深部成矿流体在运移至地壳的成矿过程中不可避免地混染了部分地壳（地层）物质，从而在一定程度上掩盖了成矿物质的实质来源     

陆相砂泥岩层系中油气初次运移的定量化研究

分析了东濮凹陷东南部的油气地球化学特征,以濮深10井为例,计算了砂泥岩剖面的孔隙度和流体压力,以及不同性质生油岩在演化阶段的油气生成量。用生油岩孔隙中油气饱和度控制油气排出量的方法,可得到油气初次运移量和运移时期。研究表明,有机质丰度高、类型好的生油岩,在进入生油门限时期不久就有油气排出;而有机质丰度低的生油岩几乎无液态油排出,只会在高、过成熟条件下排出天然气。     

The antipole evolution effect of immature-low mature organic matter

The low-temperature and low-pressure artificial hydropyrolysis experiment proves that at the immature-low mature thermal evolution stage of source rock, the condensation reaction and the thermal degradation reaction occur continuously and simultaneously in both soluble organic matter and insoluble organic matter. This process was called “antipole evolution”, which means transformation into two opposing extremes. The soluble organic matter and insoluble organic matter constitute an organic related integrity, transforming mutually in a dynamic equilibrium. Non-hydrocarbon and asphaltene are key intermediates between kerogen and hydrocarbon. Asphaltene is one of the major sources of immature hydrocarbons.     

生油岩原始有机碳恢复方法的探讨

本文在前人工作的基础上,根据物质平衡原理和热模拟实验揭示了干酪根演化过程,探讨了沉积有机质在热降解中的转化与“消耗”,确定了各种类型成油母质在不同成熟阶段中碳的演化规律,找出了生油岩实测有机碳与干酪根中碳的对应关系,提出了各种生油岩有机碳恢复系数。文中给出了泥质岩和碳酸盐岩的应用实例。     

大店沟金矿矿床特征与成因分析

甘肃省两当县大店沟金矿床位于北秦岭西段,矿体呈似层状、脉状、透镜状等产出;主要赋存于丹凤群木其滩组第三岩性段绢云绿泥石英片岩中;望天沟-利桥复背斜及舒家坝-太阳寺大断裂控制了金矿的定位,元家坪-小寺沟韧性剪切带及次级韧性剪切挤压带控制了金矿化体的空间展布及形态。矿石类型可分为黄铁矿化石英脉型和黄铁矿蚀变岩型2类。矿石结构主要为鳞片变晶结构,构造主要为千枚状构造、条带状构造。金以微粒金产出,主要载金矿物为黄铁矿。通过综合研究表明,加里东运动使地层受到高绿片岩相的温、压作用,造成了金元素的活化及初步富集;印支期活动的热液使金进一步富集,同时为石英脉体串通韧性剪切带的薄弱地带提供了动力,又为后来的金矿化准备了储矿空间。研究表明,该矿床受韧性剪切带及含金地层控制,具多期次金富集成矿成因特点。     

湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气藏条件及其勘探潜力分析

利用野外露头地质剖面、有机地球化学分析数据等资料研究了湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气成藏条件及其勘探潜力.研究结果表明,湘西北下寒武统发育的海相泥页岩分布面积广、厚度大、有机碳含量高、有机质类型好,已达高-过成熟阶段,具有良好的页岩气形成条件.黑色泥页岩厚度分布明显受沉积相带控制,从深水陆棚相至斜坡相,黑色泥页岩厚度逐渐减薄.生储盖分析结果表明,桑植-石门复向斜一带具有优越的页岩气成藏条件,页岩气勘探开发前景良好.古丈复背斜一带虽然经历了多期构造活动与改造,上覆地层剥蚀严重,但页岩气自生自储自盖特征和吸附性能,同样可能让其页岩气具有良好的勘探开发前景.     

贵州天柱磨山一油麻坳金矿地球化学及金赋存状态研究

研究了黔东天柱磨山一油麻坳金矿带地质特征，微量元素及金赋及存状态，认为金元素来源于凝灰质板岩类地层，先期构造运动及变质作用使构造带凝灰质板岩类岩石中金元素含量进一步增高，后期热液活动使金元素活化迁移到有利构造部位成矿，金以粗晶状单体自然金及细粒金存在的石英脉及硫化物中。     

浙江治岭头金矿床成因研究

本文研究了治岭头金矿床氢、氧、碳、铅稳定同位系及包裹体成份，认为治岭头金矿床成矿物质来源于陈蔡群副变质岩系，成矿热液来源于变质水和大气降水．初始存在于富含有机质的沉积岩中的金主要以胶体或吸附状态存在，在沉积岩经受区域变质作用过程中，金大部分进入变质热液。变质岩的金丰度值不能代表源岩的金丰度值。     

苏丹M盆地萨加隆起储层有机包裹体地球化学特征

包裹体中的流体可以作为原始地层流体，用来判别油藏流体注入早期油气的地球化学性质，研究油藏形成初期流体的特性。对苏丹M盆地萨加隆起三套地层含油砂岩有机包裹体成分研究认为，包裹体中原油成熟度不高，主要反映源岩在低熟——成熟时期生成的原油，其源岩的原始母质是以陆源有机质的输入占绝对优势，与该盆地有机质为细菌、水生生物淡水藻类与经过细菌改造陆源有机质的混合输入的认识不同，说明源岩在热演化早期主要是陆源有机质生油；浅层油藏形成初期油气未遭受生物降解作用，后期的构造运动造成原油的蚀变。     

合仁坪金矿H-O-S-Pb同位素地球化学特征及其成因机制

对合仁坪金矿的H-O-S-Pb同位素地球化学分析研究显示,其硫化物的δ³⁴S值介于-4.8‰~2.0‰之间,硫化物的²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb比值为17.419~17.436, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb比值为15.519~15.535, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb比值为 37.86~37.90.成矿流体的δD介于-62.3‰~-53.0‰之间,δ¹⁸O 介于4.2‰~11.8‰之间.合仁坪金矿的S, Pb, O和H同位素研究结果表明,成矿物质具有深源特征,成矿流体为岩浆热液水来源,成矿作用存在明显的氧化还原特征,并形成本区特色的褪色蚀变带.该金矿是一个与深部岩浆作用有关的金矿床,找矿应着眼于赋矿地层内的氧化还原界面,褪色蚀变带是其主要的找矿标志.