不同脱湿环境下高含水率膨胀土微观结构变化特性试验研究

膨胀土普遍发育有微孔隙与微裂隙形成特殊的微结构,在不同环境条件下脱湿,其内部微观结构会发生剧烈变化。采用扫描电镜法和压汞法相结合的方法,对相同初始状态重塑膨胀土样在不同环境下脱湿前后内部孔隙变化进行研究,探讨不同环境条件对膨胀土微观结构变化规律,主要得出以下结论:1膨胀土样脱湿干燥时孔隙收缩,土中的大孔隙变为小孔隙,导致小孔隙和超微孔隙增多,土样中的总孔隙体积减小;2烘箱环境下高温脱湿时土体表面和内部会出现微裂隙,不同孔隙孔径分布曲线为三峰曲线;冻干法干燥过程中不会导致土体中的孔隙收缩,基本不改变土样内部结构;风干法脱湿时不同孔隙孔径分布曲线为三峰曲线,但峰值明显低于高温脱湿;恒温恒湿条件下脱湿时主要表现为小孔隙,孔径大于1μm的孔隙体积极小;3膨胀土在不同脱湿环境下脱湿后总孔隙累积体积大致是随温度升高而增加,其中孔径小于1μm孔隙体积占总孔隙的比例随温度升高而减少,而孔径大于1μm孔隙占总孔隙的比例随温度升高而增加;4电镜实验表明重塑膨胀土的孔隙主要是黏土集聚体之间的孔隙和黏土集聚体内部片状矿物的叠聚而形成的微小孔隙,表面特征复杂,孔隙之间的连通情况不好,脱湿前结构单元体呈片状且连接紧密、片状表面平直,脱湿后颗粒边缘更加清晰可见、片状呈卷曲状,且片状连接有脱离的迹象。     

哈密弱-中膨胀性土微观结构研究

本文用孔结构仪对哈密弱-中性膨胀土原状试样、重塑试样和风干重塑试样,进行了微观结构对比试验,获得大量珍贵的膨胀土微观结构照片。对哈密膨胀土微观结构对比试验数据和照片分析研究可得:膨胀土的特殊微观结构可能是膨胀土膨胀特性的又一重要影响因素;不同干密度、含水率的重塑土样微观结构具有一定的规律,含水率越大、干密度越小,土样表面孔隙面积越大,孔隙越多,孔隙直径越大,孔隙直径分布越分散;原状样孔隙主要为0~0.1 mm的孔隙,重塑土大多为0~0.2 mm的以0.1 mm为峰值的孔隙。     

裂隙膨胀土室内降雨入渗试验研究

在大气降雨和蒸发的作用下,膨胀土体收缩产生大量无序破裂裂隙,水分易向土体深部渗透,裂隙性膨胀土比同类非开裂土体具有更大的渗透性,容易使膨胀土地区的边坡滑坡。常规试验中采用完整的土样进行渗透试验,量测出的渗透系数与实际裂隙存在的膨胀土渗透性有数量级上的差异,为反映裂隙膨胀土的真实渗透性,对不同初始含水率相同压实度、相同初始含水率不同压实度的两组裂隙膨胀土样进行室内模拟降雨实验,研究其在降雨入渗条件下的渗透规律,得出以下结论：(1)不同压实度膨胀土样脱湿后都形成以宽、细裂隙构成的裂隙网络,表面裂隙形态各不相同,总体上随压实度降低土样主裂隙有由开放向连通闭合的趋势,高、低压实度土样表面裂隙率比中等压实度(75%)土样低;(2)不同初始含水率土样裂隙脱湿后表面裂隙形态差异大,初始含水率从高到低土样宽裂隙趋向于均匀、且细裂隙明显增多,主裂隙曲线形状随初始含水率降低由圆弧状向直线转变,高初始含水率土样表面裂隙率大,初始含水率降到一定程度时土样表面裂隙率基本相当;(3)不同压实度下裂隙膨胀土初始入渗率随压实度增大而增大,近于线性关系,其后短时间内急骤衰减,压实度大的土样衰减速率较慢,稳定后入渗率都处于10-4数量级;(4)不同初始含水率土样初始入渗率数量级相同,不同土样入渗率变化区别极大,入渗率衰减阶段的衰减速率与持续时间明显不同,初始含水率高的土样衰减速率较低、持续时间长,土样稳定后平均入渗率除极高初始含水率土样外其它基本相同,约为4 E-04cm/s。     

不同压实度和初始含水率裂隙膨胀土室内降雨入渗试验研究

在大气降雨和蒸发的作用下,膨胀土体收缩产生大量无序破裂裂隙,水分易向土体深部渗透,裂隙性膨胀土比同类非开裂土体具有更大的渗透性,容易使膨胀土地区的边坡滑坡。常规试验中采用完整的土样进行渗透试验,量测出的渗透系数与实际裂隙存在的膨胀土渗透性有数量级上的差异,为反映裂隙膨胀土的真实渗透性,对不同初始含水率相同压实度、相同初始含水率不同压实度的两组裂隙膨胀土样进行室内模拟降雨实验,研究其在降雨入渗条件下的渗透规律,得出以下结论:(1)不同压实度膨胀土样脱湿后都形成以宽、细裂隙构成的裂隙网络,表面裂隙形态各不相同,总体上随压实度降低土样主裂隙有由开放向连通闭合的趋势,高、低压实度土样表面裂隙率比中等压实度(75%)土样低;(2)不同初始含水率土样裂隙脱湿后表面裂隙形态差异大,初始含水率从高到低土样宽裂隙趋向于均匀,且细裂隙明显增多,主裂隙曲线形状随初始含水率降低由圆弧状向直线转变,高初始含水率土样表面裂隙率大,初始含水率降到一定程度时土样表面裂隙率基本相当;(3)不同压实度下裂隙膨胀土初始入渗率随压实度增大而增大,近于线性关系,其后短时间内急骤衰减,压实度大的土样衰减速率较慢,稳定后入渗率都处于10-4数量级;(4)不同初始含水率土样初始入渗率数量级相同,不同土样入渗率变化区别极大,入渗率衰减阶段的衰减速率与持续时间明显不同,初始含水率高的土样衰减速率较低、持续时间长,土样稳定后平均入渗率除极高初始含水率土样外其他基本相同,约为4×10-4cm/s。     

南阳膨胀土裂隙扩展及室内降雨人渗实验研究

膨胀土在含水量降低时发生干缩开裂,给工程带来了极大的危害,其中降雨条件下裂隙膨胀土渗流问题是一个典型的膨胀土工程问题。制备6个相同的南阳重塑膨胀土样,在相同的环境下分别脱湿96,79,63,48,39,30 h,通过数码拍照得到不同时刻试样表面裂隙图片,通过分析得到试样表面裂隙率;为了衡量裂隙在深部方向的发育情况,使用煤油进行渗透实验,得到煤油入渗系数与脱湿时间、平均含水率、表面裂隙率的关系曲线;在油渗实验结束后进行室内模拟降雨入渗实验,得到裂隙膨胀土入渗率的变化规律。通过对实验数据整理分析发现试样脱湿时间、试样平均含水率、试样表面裂隙率、煤油入渗系数、降雨入渗实验径流开始时间、试样入渗率之间有良好的相互关系,降雨入渗实验初期入渗率较大,入渗率随时间衰减很快,在15 min内降低了两个数量级,脱湿时间越长的样初期入渗率越高,衰减的也越快;入渗率在较短的时间内就开始趋于稳定,稳定后的入渗率随试样表面裂隙率线性增长,增长到一个峰值后迅速降低。     

南阳膨胀土裂隙扩展及室内降雨入渗实验研究

膨胀土在含水量降低时发生干缩开裂,给工程带来了极大的危害,其中降雨条件下裂隙膨胀土渗流问题是一
个典型的膨胀土工程问题。制备6 个相同的南阳重塑膨胀土样,在相同的环境下分别脱湿96,79,63,48,39,30 h,通
过数码拍照得到不同时刻试样表面裂隙图片,通过分析得到试样表面裂隙率;为了衡量裂隙在深部方向的发育情况,
使用煤油进行渗透实验,得到煤油入渗系数与脱湿时间、平均含水率、表面裂隙率的关系曲线;在油渗实验结束后进行
室内模拟降雨入渗实验,得到裂隙膨胀土入渗率的变化规律。通过对实验数据整理分析发现试样脱湿时间、试样平均
含水率、试样表面裂隙率、煤油入渗系数、降雨入渗实验径流开始时间、试样入渗率之间有良好的相互关系,降雨入渗
实验初期入渗率较大,入渗率随时间衰减很快,在15 min 内降低了两个数量级,脱湿时间越长的样初期入渗率越高,
衰减的也越快;入渗率在较短的时间内就开始趋于稳定,稳定后的入渗率随试样表面裂隙率线性增长,增长到一个峰
值后迅速降低。     

南阳膨胀土土水特征曲线试验研究

为研究南阳膨胀土土水特征曲线,采用美国Soil moisture公司生产的陶土板进气值为15 bar的压力板仪对原状样和重塑样进行了研究;其中原状样进行了不同高度或面积系列下的研究,重塑样进行了不同干密度或含水率系列下的研究;并采用控制变量法来得出结论。研究结果表明:1面积增加对原状试样的持水特性没有影响,但是高度对土水特征曲线的影响很大,高度增加使得在相同吸力下土样含水率增加,脱水难度增大;2对于重塑样,在相同干密度条件下,低吸力条件土样含水率随初始含水率的增加而增加,随着吸力的增加,从某一吸力值开始,含水率随吸力的增加而降低,初始含水率越高,这个值越低;3在相同的初始含水率条件下,低吸力条件干密度越低含水率越高,随着吸力增加,干密度越低,土样的含水率下降的越快,各试样的含水率开始接近,最后低干密度试样的含水率趋于一致;4考虑体积变化的影响对土水特征曲线进行修正并进行模型拟合,最后表明VG模型能够较好地模拟原状膨胀土的土水特征曲线。     

干湿循环作用下剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的抗裂作用及影响因素

为研究干湿循环作用下纤维加筋膨胀土的抗裂效果，分别开展了素土和剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的干湿循环试验，并采用图像处理技术提取试样表面裂隙参数，分析了剑麻纤维含量及长度、干湿循环次数、试样含水率对裂隙发育的影响.结果表明：1）剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土具有较好的抗裂性能，且剑麻纤维的掺入对膨胀土的裂隙率和裂隙平均宽度影响较大，相较于素土试样，最优加筋土试样的裂隙率和裂隙平均宽度均比素土试样减小了约1/2. 2）纤维长度相同时，随着纤维含量的增大，裂隙率、裂隙总长度、裂隙平均宽度和分形维数均呈先减小后增大的趋势，且纤维含量为0.4%时各参数值最小；纤维含量相同时，纤维长度对各裂隙参数影响不大.3）随着干湿循环次数的增加，加筋土和素土试样裂隙参数均呈逐渐增大趋势，但纤维加筋土裂隙率和裂隙平均宽度的增大幅度均比素土小；从第5次干湿循环开始，各裂隙参数增长趋缓.4）单次脱湿过程中，试样含水率由20%降至10%时，裂隙急剧发育，且素土裂隙的发育对含水率的变化更加敏感，含水率低于10%时，随着含水率的减小，试样裂隙率变小并趋于稳定；相同含水率条件下，剑麻纤维加筋土具有更好的抗裂性能.5）剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的抗裂机理主要表现在两方面，一方面是剑麻纤维的掺入增大了膨胀土的渗透系数，促进了试样内水分的均匀分布，减小了试样各处的胀缩差异；另一方面纵横交错的剑麻纤维约束了聚集体之间大孔隙的收缩.     

粉煤灰改良膨胀土脱湿过程裂隙发展规律与影响因素研究

环境温度、初始含水率、粉煤灰掺量和干密度均对膨胀土的幵裂有重要影响,为了分析初始含水率和粉煤灰掺量对膨胀土裂隙发展过程、发育规律、发展机制的影响进行了多组脱湿过程裂隙开展试验;并进行了定量分析。结果表明试样裂隙可分为三神:一条主裂隙加上多条次裂隙、三岔口型裂隙、环状裂隙其中掺有粉煤灰试样大多数出现第三种裂隙未掺粉煤灰的试样出现第一、二种裂隙。随着试样含水率減少脱湿过程可分为三个阶段:无裂隙阶段、裂隙产生和发展阶段、稳定阶段。裂隙度随初始含水率的增大而增大随粉煤灰掺量的增加而减小。粉煤灰掺量对未养护试样的临界含水率影响不大养护后其临界含水率增大。     

基于压汞试验及氮气吸附试验下柳州红黏土微观结构分析

土体微观结构是影响其变形破坏、强度等特性的内因,为探究土中孔隙分布特点,针对柳州红黏土的原状样和重塑样进行压汞试验、氮吸附试验,通过探究发现：红黏土中发育有大小不一的团粒,由于游离氧化铁的胶结作用,团粒内部具有高的稳定性,在一般的荷载作用或扰动下不会发生破坏,且团粒内部存在大量尺寸较小的孔隙,与团粒间孔隙一起构成红粘土的孔隙空间;红黏土中孔径分布的双峰结构非常明显,团粒内的孔隙由于强胶结作用而保持稳定。不同制样方法形成的土体的团粒内孔隙是稳定的,重塑土样相对原状土样,孔隙体积更大,结构松散;压汞试验孔隙测量比较全面,含盖广,包括了大孔隙和微孔隙,整体孔隙分布和孔隙累积体积展示清晰,而氮气吸附试验更侧重于微孔隙体积的测量,且测量精确度高,故两者结合能更为详细、精确。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to