微生物浸矿技术在我国的研究现状及发展前景

As the world’s second largest economy experiencing rapid economic growth, China has a huge demand for metals and energy. In recent years, China ranks first, among all the countries in the world, in the production and consumption of several metals such as copper, gold, and rare earth elements. Bioleaching, which is an approach for mining low grade and refractory ores, has been applied in industrial production, and bioleaching has made great contributions to the development of the Chinese mining industry. The exploration and application of bioleaching in China are reviewed in this study. Production and consumption trends of several metals in China over the past decade are reviewed. Technological processes at key bioleaching operations in China, such as at the Zijinshan Copper Mine and Mianhuakeng Uranium Mine, are presented. Also, the current challenges faced by bioleaching operations in China are introduced. Moreover, prospects such as efficiency improvement and environmental protection are proposed based on the current situation in the Chinese bioleaching industry.     

不同结构和形态的天然镁硅酸盐:与K反应制备生物柴油的K2MgSiO4催化剂

In this work, different magnesium silicate mineral samples based on antigorite, lizardite, chrysotile (which have the same general formula Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄), and talc (Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂) were reacted with KOH to prepare catalysts for biodiesel production. Simple impregnation with 20wt% K and treatment at 700–900°C led to a solid-state reaction to mainly form the K₂MgSiO₄ phase in all samples. These results indicate that the K ion can diffuse into the different Mg silicate structures and textures, likely through intercalation in the interlayer space of the different mineral samples followed by dehydroxylation and K₂MgSiO₄ formation. All the materials showed catalytic activity for the transesterification of soybean oil (1:6 of oil : methanol molar ratio, 5wt% of catalyst, 60°C). However, the best results were obtained for the antigorite and chrysotile precursors, which are discussed in terms of mineral structure and the more efficient formation of the active phase K₂MgSiO₄.     

具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

PLGA/硬石复合涂层镁基纳米复合材料在植入应用时的体外生物活性和腐蚀行为

A type of polymer/ceramic coating was introduced on a magnesium-based nanocomposite, and the nanocomposite was evaluated for implant applications. The microstructure, corrosion, and bioactivity of the coated and uncoated samples were assessed. Mechanical alloying followed by sintering was applied to fabricate the Mg–3Zn–0.5Ag–15NiTi nanocomposite substrate. Moreover, different contents of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) coatings were studied, and 10wt% of PLGA content was selected. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the bulk nanocomposite showed an acceptable homogenous dispersion of the NiTi nanoparticles (NPs) in the Mg-based matrix. In the in vitro bioactivity evaluation, following the immersion of the uncoated and coated samples in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution, the Ca/P atomic ratio demonstrated that the apatite formation amount on the coated sample was greater than that on the uncoated nanocomposite. Furthermore, assessing the corrosion resistance indicated that the coatings on the Mg-based substrate led to a corrosion current density (i_corr) that was considerably lower than that of the substrate. Such a condition revealed that the coating would provide an obstacle for the corrosion. Based on this study, the PLGA/hardystonite (HT) composite-coated Mg–3Zn–0.5Ag–15NiTi nanocomposite may be suitably applied as an orthopedic implant biomaterial.     

矿山尾矿作为碱活化原料的研究进展

The mining industry produces billions of tons of mine tailings annually. However, because of their lack of economic value, most of the tailings are discarded near the mining sites, typically under water. The primary environmental concerns of mine tailings are related to their heavy metal and sulfidic mineral content. Oxidation of sulfidic minerals can produce acid mine drainage that leaches heavy metals into the surrounding water. The management of tailing dams requires expensive construction and careful control, and there is the need for stable, sustainable, and economically viable management technologies. Alkali activation as a solidification/stabilization technology offers an attractive way to deal with mine tailings. Alkali activated materials are hardened, concrete-like structures that can be formed from raw materials that are rich in aluminum and silicon, which fortunately, are the main elements in mining residues. Furthermore, alkali activation can immobilize harmful heavy metals within the structure. This review describes the research on alkali activated mine tailings. The reactivity and chemistry of different minerals are discussed. Since many mine tailings are poorly reactive under alkaline conditions, different pretreatment methods and their effects on the mineralogy are reviewed. Possible applications for these materials are also discussed.     

动态应变时效的应力状态依赖性:热硬化和蓝脆

This study aims to discover the stress-state dependence of the dynamic strain aging (DSA) effect on the deformation and fracture behavior of high-strength dual-phase (DP) steel at different deformation temperatures (25–400°C) and reveal the damage mechanisms under these various configurations. To achieve different stress states, predesigned specimens with different geometric features were used. Scanning electron microscopy was applied to analyze the fracture modes (e.g., dimple or shear mode) and underlying damage mechanism of the investigated material. DSA is present in this DP steel, showing the Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) effect with serrated flow behavior, thermal hardening, and blue brittleness phenomena. Results show that the stress state contributes distinctly to the DSA effect in terms of the magnitude of thermal hardening and the pattern of blue brittleness. Either low stress triaxiality or Lode angle parameter promotes DSA-induced blue brittleness. Accordingly, the damage mechanisms also show dependence on the stress states in conjunction with the DSA effect.     

关于钢水质量窄窗口稳定控制的思考

In order to promote the intelligent transformation and upgrading of the steel industry, intelligent technology features based on the current situation and challenges of the steel industry are discussed in this paper. Based on both domestic and global research, functional analysis, reasonable positioning, and process optimization of each aspect of steel making are expounded. The current state of molten steel quality and implementation under narrow window control is analyzed. A method for maintaining stability in the narrow window control technology of steel quality is proposed, controlled by factors including composition, temperature, time, cleanliness, and consumption (raw material). Important guidance is provided for the future development of a green and intelligent steel manufacturing process.     

不同应变速率下Mg?B4C纳米复合材料的力学性能表征

Magnesium has wide application in industry. The main purpose of this investigation was to improve the properties of magnesium by reinforcing it using B₄C nanoparticles. The reinforced nanocomposites were fabricated using a powder compaction technique for 0, 1.5vol%, 3vol%, 5vol%, and 10vol% of B₄C. Powder compaction was conducted using a split Hopkinson bar (SHB), drop hammer (DH), and Instron to reach different compaction loading rates. The compressive stress–strain curves of the samples were captured from quasi-static and dynamic tests carried out using an Instron and split Hopkinson pressure bar, respectively. Results revealed that, to achieve the highest improvement in ultimate strength, the contents of B₄C were 1.5vol%, 3vol%, and 3vol% for Instron, DH, and SHB, respectively. These results also indicated that the effect of compaction type on the quasi-static strength of the samples was not as significant, although its effect on the dynamic strength of the samples was remarkable. The improvement in ultimate strength obtained from the quasi-static stress–strain curves of the samples (compared to pure Mg) varied from 9.9% for DH to 24% for SHB. The dynamic strength of the samples was improved (with respect to pure Mg) by 73%, 116%, and 141% for the specimens compacted by Instron, DH, and SHB, respectively. The improvement in strength was believed to be due to strengthening mechanisms, friction, adiabatic heating, and shock waves.     

广义线性特征系统和广义线性相对特征系统

本文提出了广义线性特征系统和广义线性相对特系统等概念,给出了广义系统为线性相对特征系统的充分条件和为广义线性相对特征相对特征系统的充要条件,最后,对广义线性相对特征系统的极点配置和稳定化问题给出一种算法。     

用于电力系统仿真的联合循环电站动态模型

从控制流程角度建立了一个适当简化的联合循环电站系统模型,目的在于为电力系统的实时仿真提供一个重要的组成模块。将该模型与电力网络结合,采用专业软件进行模拟,以研究整个电力系统的动态特性,为提高系统的安全性和稳定性提供理论依据。设计了一个P ID控制器,以提高系统的稳定性能。将该模型加入到一个虚拟的两区域电力系统中,采用专业软件N etom ac进行仿真,运行结果证明该模型可以用于实时仿真实验,并且验证了P ID控制器有助于提高系统的稳定性。     

带有输入时滞的Timoshenko梁系统的控制器设计与稳定性分析

为了研究输入时滞对Timoshenko梁系统稳定性的影响,镇定边界具有输入时滞和载荷的Timoshenko梁系统,利用Backstepping方法,设计了一种新的控制器来补偿输入时滞带来的影响,从而得到一个稳定的闭环系统。首先,给出一个与原时滞系统等价的无时滞系统;然后,构造一个Backstepping线性变换,并证明这个线性变换是有界可逆的;最后,通过这个变换将无时滞系统转化为一个稳定的目标系统,并设计出相应的控制器。结果表明,此无时滞系统与目标系统是等价的,其反馈控制律可以镇定原来的时滞系统。研究方法解决了输入时滞对弹性系统的负面影响,丰富了分布参数控制系统的控制器设计方法及其稳定性理论,在工程实践中具有一定的借鉴意义。     

深化教育体制改革 构建终身教育体系

终身教育已经成为一种国际性的教育思潮，世界许多国家已经或者正在实现由其理念到体系的构建。然而，构建一个终身教育体系，从学校教育的角度来看，关键还是教育体制问题。由于中国现行教育体制还有许多不适应终身教育体系的地方，因此，中国终身教育体系的构建，需要从改革教育体制的弊端入手。     

智能制造系统的一种研究方法

把制造系统描述为互相连接的信息、数据、知识处理单元的集合，把数据、知识处理单元抽象为信息处理单元，构造制造系统的抽象模型，据此提出了一种从这种抽象模型展开对智能制造系统研究的方法．     

Network-Based Voting System—Evaluation and Optimization of CCMVS

In the beginning of the 1 990 's,the ComputerControlled and Managed Voting System( CCMVS) [1] developed for the Beijing People'sCongress had a significant impact on the electionprocess.However,users are now requiring avoting system with more reliability,accuracy,speed,and flexibility.The Network- based VotingSystem ( NVS) was developed as the nextgeneration system[1] .This paper discusses the defects of thetraditional voting system,CCMVS,and presentsthe framework of the new voting sy…     

一类热弹性系统的变结构控制

考虑一个由偏微分方程及初值与偏值条件所描述的线性热弹性系统. 根据所考虑的热弹性系统, 定义了相应的线性偏微分算子及适当的状态空间. 讨论了变结构控制问题. 利用算子半群方法证明了等效控制原理在热弹性系统中的有效性, 在此基础上讨论了变结构控制系统的渐近稳定性; 设计变结构控制律, 保证了系统在此控制下是指数一致稳定的, 最后给出了使滑动模稳定的控制律.     

分数阶广义混沌系统分析及有限时间同步

混沌是非线性动力系统中所特有的一种运动形式,将混沌系统抽象成数学模型并加以控制是探索混沌应用的主要形式,随着混沌系统研究的深入,分数阶系统逐渐从整数阶系统中脱颖而出,由此通过研究一类新的整数阶混沌系统,提出了相应的分数阶三维自治系统;通过系统的线性项判别,并根据分数阶Lyapunov稳定理论对于混沌系统中平衡点种类进行区分,发现该新分数阶系统产生的平衡点属于不稳定鞍点;对于该分数阶系统采用有限时间稳定理论,在驱动系统与响应系统中进行同步控制器的设计,通过数值仿真验证并绘制出有限时间同步关系曲线图验证了在短时间内实现混沌同步控制。     

绿洲稳定性初探

绿洲系统是干旱区的脆弱系统争取绿洲系统向稳定性、有序化方向发展是干旱区人类生存和发展所追求的基础目标绿洲稳定性的本质含义是绿洲系统或绿洲生态系统的可持续发展而绿洲的稳定性指标就是绿洲生态系统的稳定性指标,即绿洲规模与绿洲需水量之间的一种定量关系维护绿洲稳定性是项系统工程,主要措施是建立有效防护林体系,保护恢复荒漠—绿洲过渡带植被,处理好生态用水与绿洲开发建设用水的关系,保护耕地和有效防治绿洲土地退化,寻求高效开发、集约经营、协调发展的模式,搞好稳定性系统设计,加强绿洲生态系统管理     

一个多维混沌系统的最终有界集和正向不变集及其在同步之中的应用

研究了一个新的不同于Lorenz系统、Chen系统和Lu系统、T系统、Qi系统的五维自治混沌系统,该系统有1个参数,6个非线性乘积项;得到了该系统的一个五维椭球最终有界集和正向不变集界估计;最后,结果应用到混沌同步之中去,数值仿真显示了方案的可行性．