荒漠河岸群落生态过程对水、盐的响应研究进展

干旱、荒漠地区的生态环境取决于植被生长状况的优劣,而干旱区内陆河流域荒漠河岸林群落的形成、分布及生长又取决于流域内水文过程。在学习、吸收国内外研究成果的同时,结合我国西部干旱区荒漠河岸林的实际情况,全面系统研究开展水分、盐分作用下对荒漠河岸林植被的影响研究,对于荒漠生态地区植被的保护与恢复,维护荒漠河岸绿洲的稳定和可持续发展,都具有重要的科学和实践意义。     

中国西北半干旱区弃耕地植被恢复技术的研究--Ⅰ.弃耕地补播技术研究

通过对中国西北半干旱区弃耕地恢复技术的研究,筛选出适宜于西北半干旱区弃耕地植被恢复应用的优良草种,补播时间及补播机具,总结出西北弃耕地植被恢复的关键技术.     

恢复生态学领域的植被演替研究综述

退化生态系统恢复的实质是群落演替,首要任务是选择合适的建群植物种类,最终目的是建立健康稳定的植物群落,所面临的挑战是理解和利用植被演替理论来完成并加速恢复进程.植被演替理论是指导退化生态系统恢复与重建的重要基础理论.本文对植被演替理论的发展、在生态恢复中的重要地位和实践应用、植被演替的研究方法及趋势进行了综述,旨在启发...     

恢复生态学研究进展及在中国热带亚热带的实践

进行生态恢复是保证经济可持续发展的需要,更是人类生态的需要,作者从恢复生态学的产生及学科发展,退化生态系统的类型,退化生态系统植被恢复与重建技术,热带亚热带恢复生态学研究实践４个方面阐述了恢复生态学的研究进展及其在中国热带亚热带的实践问题。     

云南元谋干热河谷生态环境退化及恢复重建试验研究

干热河谷是我国西南地区的一种特殊生态类型,元谋干热河谷是金沙江干热河谷的典型代表。该区气候炎热干燥、植被稀疏、生态环境脆弱,加之人类活动的干扰,生态环境退化严重。1992年以来,我们对该区的生态环境退化状况进行了研究,并进行了复合生态模式、岩土性质与土壤水分、植被恢复、农（林）业节水技术试验研究和推广。     

中国西部干旱区植被覆盖变化特征分析

在中、大尺度的区域研究中,利用遥感数据与方法分析植被的覆盖变化具有独特的优势,通过连续近20年(1982-2000年)从 NOAA/AVHRR数据中提取的植被覆盖度指数,按不同植被覆盖度的指标,采用分区分类法对中国西部干旱区进行了分类,得到植被分类结果图,提取了各类植被在每个年度的面积数据,显示了各类植被面积变化的过程,并初步分析了原因。结果表明,近20年来,干旱区各区域相同植被类型的变化状况不完全相同,具有不同的特点;北疆地区无植被覆盖类型面积明显减少,生态环境有所改善;南北疆在绿洲面积增加的同时,中、高覆盖度植被减少,即在绿洲与沙漠之间的过渡带植被面积减少,柴达木盆地荒漠面积增加,森林、草甸类植被面积减少,表现出该区域生态环境退化。综合各区各类植被的变化来看,在平原区荒漠无植被区是稳定的(与其总面积相比),绿洲也是西部干旱区较稳定的植被类型,而且是不断扩大的植被类型。人类活动已是西部干旱区、平原地区植被类型发生显著变化的重要因素,而在这二者之间的过渡带类型的植被,尤其是中、高覆盖度植被的面积在减少。     

氮添加对不同坡度退化高寒草地植被恢复的影响

为了研究氮素添加对不同坡度退化高寒草地植被恢复的影响,对青海省三江源区果洛藏族自治州不同坡度(7°缓坡25°,陡坡25°)的退化高寒草地进行氮添加试验,以探讨外源氮添加技术在不同坡度退化高寒草地植被恢复中的适宜性。结果表明:氮添加能提高植被地上生物量、植被高度、多度、总盖度以及物种分盖度之和,氮添加与坡度间的交互作用能显著改变植被地上生物量和平均高度(P0.05);坡度间植被特征存在显著差异(P0.05),氮添加可促进禾草类物种优势度更低的缓坡地的植被恢复,而对禾草类物种相对重要值更高的陡坡地没有显著影响。在退化高寒草地的恢复中,外源氮添加的促进效应依赖于坡度,更适宜于缓坡退化高寒草地的植被恢复。     

干旱半干旱区植被恢复技术途径探讨

干旱半干旱区植被恢复,一是空间上以水为核心,遵循植被生态水平衡原则,做到植被与水耦合;二是时间上遵循植被演替规律,按照持续、稳定、自组、有序、高效的原则实现植被稳定有序恢复。以水为核心,关键是实现植被建设中与水的三个耦合:(1)是植被与空间降水耦合;(2)植被与微观水分变异耦合;(3)是植被与调水耦合。遵循演替规律,恢复植被关键是:(1)草灌先行稳定有序;(2)“封、育、退、造、管”综合建设;(3)生态产业化带动植被建设。     

姚安县洋派河小流域植被恢复效益研究

通过野外样点调查、样方调查和室内测试分析,对云南省姚安县洋派河小流域退化生态系统实施生态修复后植被恢复效益进行研究.结果显示:作为有恢复条件的退化生态系统,经过4 a人为参与的生态恢复,小流域复合生态系统结构和功能得到改善,人工补植林生态系统的立体垂直结构更加明显,物种多样性更丰富,生物量显著增加,生态系统更加成熟稳定,植被恢复效果明显.     

河岸植被缓冲带减缓农业面源污染研究进展

农业面源污染物的排放已经成为湖泊与河流主要污染源之一,河岸植被缓冲带能沉积、吸收与截留污染物,减少面源污染物进入水体。河岸植被缓冲带减缓农业面源污染的效果与缓冲带宽度、植物种类、坡面坡度、土壤类型等因素有关,其中确定适宜河岸植被缓冲带宽度,以实现其净化面源污染成为研究热点。笔者综述了河岸植被缓冲带的不同表述、河岸植被缓冲带削减面源污染物的主要机理、影响因素、研究方法以及相关模型等方面的研究进展,针对目前研究现状,认为应进一步加强缓冲带宽度对河岸植被缓冲带削减面源污染物影响的量化研究,增加林分尺度、坡度平缓的河岸人工植被缓冲带的研究,以及对模型的优化研究。     

Groundwater circulation relative to water quality and vegetation in an arid transitional zone linking oasis, desert and river

In groundwater-dependent ecosystems, groundwater circulation controls the overall water quality and ecosystem dynamics. Groundwater and vegetation across a 30-km groundwater transect linking oasis, desert and river in an extremely arid area were investigated with a series of soil profiles drilled into the unsaturated zone to understand groundwater circulation and its control on groundwater quality and surface vegetation in the extremely arid Lower Tarim River, NW China. Measurements have included water-table depth, water chemistry and water isotopes (2H, 18O, 3H) for 15 water samples, soil moisture and chloride content for 11 soil profiles, and vegetation investigation. Results show that the groundwater in desert zone is characterized by slow recharge rate (pre-modern water), great water-table depth (6.17-9.43 m) and high salinity (15.32-26.50 g/L), while that in oasis (uncultivated land) and riparian zone is characterized by relatively fast recharge rate (modern water), small groundwater-table depth (3.56-8.36 m) and low salinity (1.25-1.95 g/L). Stable isotopes show that secondary evaporation takes place during irrigation in oasis. The vegetation characteristics (coverage, richness, evenness and number of plants) are closely related to soil moisture and water-table depth. Groundwater recharge from irrigation in oasis and from river in riparian zone sustains a better ecosystem than that in the desert area, where lateral and vertical groundwater recharge is limited. The more evapotranspirative enrichment may occur in the vegetated and water-rich riparian zone as compared to desert. This study also demonstrates the effectiveness of environmental tracers in studying ecohydrological processes in arid regions.     

山西沁河上游河岸植被缓冲带综合评价

在对河岸带特性进行调查的基础上,针对我国北方河岸带的特点,从河流健康状况、岸坡稳定性、河岸带土壤条件、河岸带植被条件等4个方面选取16个指标,运用层次分析法,构建了河岸植被缓冲带综合评价体系,并将河岸带生态系统的状态分为4个等级:理想状态、良好状态、一般自然状态和较差状态。运用该体系对山西省沁河的一级支流赤石桥河和紫红河的河岸植被带现状进行评价,结果显示赤石桥河处于"良好状态",紫红河处于"一般状态"。     

泄漏原油沿河岸滞留行为

为研究输油管道泄漏事故发生后,河面漂浮原油在河岸的滞留行为与影响因素,通过河流动态模拟试验,设置流速、岸型、植被种类及覆盖量等变量,研究不同工况下河岸砂土吸附量与总滞留量的变化规律。结果表明:河岸砂土的吸附量及滞留量会随水面流速增大而增大;柔性植物河岸相对于刚性植物河岸与无植物河岸更易滞留原油,滞留量约为刚性植物河岸的2.87~6.19倍,无植物河岸的4.37~10.01倍;植被覆盖量增大会使河岸滞留量增大,但会减小刚性植物河岸吸附量,增加柔性植物河岸吸附量;岸型不同会导致水流状态不同,对原油登陆河岸会有较特殊的作用。     

RS-based research on the relationship between vegetation development and groundwater in upper-middle reaches region of the Yellow River basin

The relationship between the groundwater and the surface eco-environment in arid area is very close. In this paper, the authors extracted normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and vegetation conditional ratio (VCR) from MODIS images, and analyzed the relationships among NDVI, VCR and the measured data of groundwater of the same location in the research region. Based on this, the depth of groundwater suitable for vegetation growth in the upper-middle reaches of the Yellow River basin has been calculated. The results show that the depth of groundwater suitable for vegetation growth in the research region ranges from 0.8 to 4.5m, and the optimal groundwater depth is 1.2m. The method developed in this study is applicable to research the relationship between the groundwater and land surface vegetation environment on large-scale in arid area.     

川西干旱河谷区植被恢复机理及模式分析

干旱河谷区与石漠化荒地、沙化区等同属困难立地区,其植被恢复已成为国土绿化和生态治理的重点和难点.川西干旱河谷区地形和气候环境复杂,植被恢复限制因子多,关键技术和理论的突破已是瓶颈问题,急需得到进一步解决.本文通过对川西干旱河谷区的形成过程、立地条件、植被演替趋势、存在的问题等进行系统分析,总结历史上该区域植被恢复成功和失败的经验,从恢复植被物种选择、灌溉方式、整地方法、栽植技术、管护等角度提出该区植被恢复适宜模式,为干旱河谷区植被恢复提供理论和实践依据.     

Assessment of waterrecharging based on ecological features of riparian forest in the lower reaches of Tarim River

The occurrence and development of riparian forests which are mainly dominated by mesophytes species relate closely with surface water. Since there is no water discharge to the lower reaches of Tarim River in past 5 decade years, the riparian forests degrade severely. Based on the analyses of the monitored data of Yingsu, Argan and Luobuzhuang in 2002 and 2003, the effect of water-recharging is discussed. The water-recharging project neglects the fact that that it is flooding that controls the process of Populus euphratica colonizing on the bare surface, but focuses on groundwater influence on vegetation. The flooding control deviates Inherent laws of riparian forests development, so the natural regeneration of riparian forests is checked. The response scope of riparian plants on groundwater uplift is extremely narrow, and most riparian communities have not been optimized. No seedlings of dominant species are found in flooding areas because their physio-ecological characteristics are ignored. The vegetation changes in vicinities of stream only reflect the demand of mesophytes species on the shallow groundwater, however, the water-recharging fails to provide suitable habitats for the seedlings establishment of riparian plants. The present water-recharging scheme is difficult to realize vegetation restoration.     

Assessment of water-recharging based on ecological features of riparian forest in the lower reaches of Tarim River

The occurrence and development of riparian forests which are mainly dominated by mesophytes species relate closely with surface water. Since there is no water discharge to the lower reaches of Tarim River in past 5 decade years, the riparian forests degrade severely. Based on the analyses of the monitored data of Yingsu, Argan and Luobuzhuang in 2002 and 2003, the effect of water-recharging is discussed. The water-recharging project neglects the fact that that it is flooding that controls the process of Populus euphratica colonizing on the bare surface, but focuses on groundwater influence on vegetation. The flooding control deviates Inherent laws of riparian forests development, so the natural regeneration of riparian forests is checked. The response scope of riparian plants on groundwater uplift is extremely narrow, and most riparian communities have not been optimized. No seedlings of dominant species are found in flooding areas because their physio-ecological characteristics are ignored. The vegetation changes in vicinities of stream only reflect the demand of mesophytes species on the shallow groundwater, however, the water-recharging fails to provide suitable habitats for the seedlings establishment of riparian plants. The present water-recharging scheme is difficult to realize vegetation restoration.     

受损河岸生态系统修复研究进展

基于传统水利工程设计理念修建的河流护岸工程只考虑工程的耐久性及施工的方便性而使用混凝土或钢筋混凝土材料,忽略了河流的生态功能,从而破坏了河流的各种生态过程,导致河流污染严重,生态作用越来越小.分析了国内外关于受损河岸生态系统修复的研究现状及存在的问题,并提出了我国开展受损河岸生态系统修复研究需要解决的问题、应采取的研究方法.     

Assessment of water-recharging based on ecological features of riparian forest in the lower reaches of Tarim River

The occurrence and development of riparian forests which are mainly dominated by mesophytes species relate closely with surface water. Since there is no water discharge to the lower reaches of Tarim River in past 5 decade years, the riparian forests degrade severely. Based on the analyses of the monitored data of Yingsu, Argan and Luobuzhuang in 2002 and 2003, the effect of water-recharging is discussed. The water-recharging project neglects the fact that that it is flooding that controls the process of Populus euphratica colonizing on the bare surface, but focuses on groundwater influence on vegetation. The flooding control deviates inherent laws of riparian forests development, so the natural regeneration of riparian forests is checked. The response scope of riparian plants on groundwater uplift is extremely narrow, and most riparian communities have not been optimized. No seedlings of dominant species are found in flooding areas because their physio-ecological characteristics are ignored. The vegetation changes in vicinities of stream only reflect the demand of mesophytes species on the shallow groundwater, however, the water-recharging fails to provide suitable habitats for the seedlings establishment of riparian plants. The present water-recharging scheme is difficult to realize vegetation restoration.