萃取有机相对浸矿细菌的影响

为了了解细菌浸矿效率降低的原因,研究了铜溶剂萃取过程中的相夹带情况及流失于浸出系统的萃取有机相对浸矿细菌的影响,提出了相应的提高细菌浸出效率的有效措施．结果表明当有机相中Lix984N的体积分数为1.5%时,萃余液中夹带的O/W型乳液滴的有效粒径约为600～1000nm,其中部分液滴会在较长时间内稳定存在;由于有机相中存在酚、硫醇、萘类稠环芳烃等杀菌剂及多种表面活性成分,使污染环境中细菌的生长周期延长了5d,浸矿能力降低;不同组成的有机相抑制细菌生长的能力为(由强到弱)260号工业煤油+1.5%Lix984N→260号工业煤油→循环有机相→正辛烷+1.5%Lix984N→正辛烷．     

次生硫化铜矿微生物浸出实验

微生物浸矿是提取低品位,难选次生硫化铜矿中有价元素的最有效方法之一.本研究利用嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidthiobacillus ferrooxidans)浸取福建某难选次生硫化铜矿,依次开展浸矿菌富集培养实验、驯化转代实验和不同粒径配比下柱浸试验,获得了不同阶段的细菌浓度、pH值、铜浸出率等演变规律;并结合电子计算机断层扫描技术实现了柱内矿堆塌落、截面孔隙演化和浸矿机理研究.研究表明:细菌浓度和pH值均呈现缓慢增加后趋降低的趋势,浸柱中细菌增殖较慢,浸矿480 h后,细菌浓度仅为每毫升5×107个.浸矿过程中,细颗粒趋于向柱底迁移,矿堆出现塌落;柱顶孔隙率变大,增幅为6.65%,柱底孔隙率变小,降幅为8.29%;塌落程度与细粒含量成正比,最小塌落为1.7 mm,最大塌落为6.15 mm.入堆矿石粒径极大影响着柱浸体系的浸出效果.实验中柱浸B组(粒径r<1 mm占28.41%)浸矿效果最佳,浸矿480 h后铜浸出率达47.23%.     

添加剂对硫化铜矿生物浸出规律的影响

为研究硫粉和稻草对次生硫化铜矿生物浸出过程的影响,在添加硫粉、稻草及两者混合物条件下进行次生硫化铜矿生物浸出实验,考察实验过程中细菌浓度、溶浸液pH、铜浸出率等参量变化,分析硫粉、稻草及两者混合物对次生硫化铜矿生物浸出的影响规律。研究结果表明:添加硫粉、稻草及两者混合物后,细菌生长和铜矿生物浸出均得到促进,铜浸出率分别提高5.10%,12.02%和13.40%;在细菌培养过程中,添加硫粉、稻草及两者混合物,均能够降低培养液pH,增大培养液中硫酸根离子浓度以及细菌浓度。其中,添加硫粉实验组培养液最终pH最低并且SO24-浓度峰值最大,添加混合物实验组培养液细菌浓度峰值最大。在浸矿实验过程中,添加硫粉、稻草及两者混合物均能促进次生硫化铜矿生物浸出。其中,添加稻草实验组溶浸液中最终氧化还原电位最小,添加混合物实验组溶浸液中Cu2+,Fe2+和Fe3+质量浓度峰值最高,最终pH最低。     

N235协同萃取碱性氰化浸金溶液中的金(Ⅰ)

由N235与路易斯碱三辛基氧膦(TOPO)组成协同萃取体系,对碱性氰化浸金贵液中金(Ⅰ)协同萃取和反萃进行了研究.研究了有机相中N235含量、水相平衡pH、相比等因素对金(Ⅰ)萃取率的影响,考察了反萃液中氢氧化钠液浓度对负载金有机相的反萃效果.结果表明,采用有机相为10% 10%协萃剂TOPO 80%煤油的协萃体系,对pH=9～10和初始金(Ⅰ)质量浓度ρo=10.87 mg/L碱性氰化浸金贵液进行萃取时,经一级萃取后,萃取率可高达98%左右;同时,采用0.05～0.1 mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液可对负载有机相进行反萃,反萃率达到91%以上.     

N235协同萃取碱性氰化浸金溶液中的金(I)

由N235与路易斯碱三辛基氧膦(TOPO)组成协同萃取体系,对碱性氰化浸金贵液中金(I)协同萃取和反萃进行了研究.研究了有机相中N235含量、水相平衡pH、相比等因素对金(I)萃取率的影响,考察了反萃液中氢氧化钠液浓度对负载金有机相的反萃效果.结果表明,采用有机相为10%+10%协萃剂TOPO+80%煤油的协萃体系,对pH=9~10和初始金(I)质量浓度ρO=10.87 mg/L碱性氰化浸金贵液进行萃取时,经一级萃取后,萃取率可高达98%左右;同时,采用0.05~0.1 mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液可对负载有机相进行反萃,反萃率达到91%以上.     

含砷低品位硫化铜矿生物堆浸工业试验

福建紫金山含砷低品位硫化铜矿年产300tCu和1000tCu生物堆浸工业试验结果表明:铜浸出率随着矿石粒度的减小而提高,矿石粒度为-30mm,浸出周期为270d,铜的浸出率达到80.58%;铜萃取率和电积电流效率随着浸出液pH值的降低和电积液中铁的质量浓度的增加而降低,当浸出液pH值下降到1.19时,铜萃取率下降到了50%;通过增加堆高、定期中和萃余液、增加负载有机相洗涤和活性炭+沙滤+气浮塔脱除电积原液中有机物等工艺改进后,降低了萃取剂、煤油和电能的消耗量,提高了铜的浸出速率,浸出周期为200d,铜浸出率为81.31%,铜萃取--电积的耗电量为2679.98kW.h.t-1,高纯阴极铜生产成本1.05万元.t-1.     

铜溶剂萃取萃余液夹带行为

研究铜溶剂萃取时萃余液中有机相的夹带行为及夹带有机相的稳定机理。结果表明:萃取时间延长、萃原液pH升高、萃取剂浓度增加均使萃余液中夹带的有机相明显增加。在Lix984N体积分数为2.5%、pH为2.5、水相与有机相体积比为1:1、萃取6 min的近常规萃取工艺条件下,萃余液COD质量浓度可达280 mg/L,伴随萃余液COD质量浓度增加,夹带液滴的ζ电位变大、粒径减小,说明液滴间的静电斥力作用和体系中表面活性物质的稳定作用使萃余液夹带的有机相稳定性增强。萃余液中有机相的夹带不容忽视,应严格控制萃取生产工艺参数。     

中等嗜热菌浸出黄铜矿的温度影响规律及种群组成分析

在不同温度条件下进行浸出实验.研究结果表明:中等嗜热菌在12～55℃时可保持浸矿活性,其最适生长温度为45～50℃,温度达到60℃时初始阶段还保持一定活性,但几天后菌浓度逐渐降低,种群比例发生较大变化;克隆文库分析表明:45℃和60℃条件下浸矿细菌主要为Leptospirillum ferriphilum,Acidithiobacillus caldus,Sulfobacillus thermotolerans和Acidosphaera rubrifaciens,其中Leptospirillum ferriphilum菌所占比例较大,是浸矿过程中的优势菌种.60℃条件下浸出过程中还存在古生菌Ferroplasma cupricumulans,古生菌可以利用其他浸矿菌产生的有机物为能源生长.它们之间对浸出所起的作用是相辅相成的,可共同促进黄铜矿的溶解.     

嗜酸嗜热菌FD-LH对高矿浆浓度黄铜矿的生物氧化

研究耐高铜离子浓度的嗜酸嗜热菌FD-LH对梅州黄铜矿生物氧化的特性,考察不同温度、pH值、高矿浆浓度对梅州黄铜矿生物氧化速率的影响,并初步研究串级浸矿工艺的浸出特性.结果表明,在70℃,pH值1.5时黄铜矿浸出效果最佳.FD-LH菌具耐高矿浆浓度(15%~20%)的能力.在矿浆浓度15%时,采用分批浸矿工艺,8 d铜的浸出率为92.0%;采用串级浸矿工艺,8 d铜浸出率高达97.4%.串级浸矿工艺有利于提高铜的浸出速率和浸出率.     

矿石粒径对次生硫化铜矿浸出规律的影响

矿石粒径是影响次生硫化铜矿中铜浸出率的重要因素。为了考察矿石粒径对次生硫化铜浸出规律的影响,进行不同矿石粒径条件下的细菌浸矿摇瓶实验。研究结果表明:矿石粒径与溶液pH成反比,含大粒径矿石的溶液pH变化比含小粒径矿石的溶液pH大;浸矿46 h内,矿石粒径对细菌浓度的影响不显著,浸矿46 h后,细菌浓度与矿石粒径成反比;粒径较小的矿石浸矿反应迅速,铜浸出率峰值较小;粒径较大的矿石浸矿反应缓慢,铜浸出率峰值较高;浸矿150 h时,矿石粒径对铜浸出率的影响可以忽略;浸矿180 h后,矿石粒径0.098r≤0.125 mm的溶液中铜浸出率可达74.37%;利用Origin拟合和方程推导,获得矿石粒径、铜浸出率与浸矿时间关系方程。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.