Optimal design and workspace analysis of tooth-arrangement three-fingered dexterous hand

Based on analysis of human hand grasp, the finger number and the kinematic pair pattern are decided. Aiming at the parameters of each finger, a multi-objective function for optimizing the structure of multi-fingered hand was proposed. Considering the peculiarity of tooth-arrangement and dexterous hand grasp, the constraints were established, and a satisfactory result was gained. Furthermore, the optimal results were analyzed, and a law of parameter optimal design was given. It is proved that this optimization method is effective to optimize the relation of each parameter and make it integrated optimum under each standard. At last, the practical workspace of this hand was analysed and simulated. And a new effective simulation method of workspace was proposed.     

Optimal design and workspace analysis of tooth-arrangement three-fingered dexterous hand

Based on analysis of human hand grasp, the finger number and the kinematic pair pattern are decided. Aiming at the parameters of each finger, a multiobjective function for optimizing the structure of multifingered hand was proposed. Considering the peculiarity of tootharrangement and dexterous hand grasp, the constraints were established, and a satisfactory result was gained. Furthermore, the optimal results were analyzed, and a law of parameter optimal design was given. It is proved that this optimization method is effective to optimize the relation of each parameter and make it integrated optimum under each standard. At last, the practical workspace of this hand was analysed and simulated. And a new effective simulation method of workspace was proposed.     

三指灵巧手的结构优化设计

对多指灵巧手结构形式进行了优化分析，对手指参数、三指灵巧手位姿进行了优化设计．得出了包括1个手掌、3个手指、9个回转关节的灵巧手结构，该结构既适合于抓取物体又具有较好机械特性，为以后灵巧手的控制研究提供基础．     

滚动接触约束下机器人多指操作的协调运动规划

在多指手操作物体时,需要根据物体的运动规划各手指的运动,当手指与物体与滚动接触时,这一问题显得非常复杂目前。主要采用基于运动学的速度控制方法和主从规划方法,文中分析了这两种方法,指出它们都不是真正的协调运动规划,通过引入最优抓取所确定的抓取姿态集合约束和衡量抓取质量指标的函数,在不同的条件下,提出了不同的协调运动生成算法,通过应用香港科技大学多指灵巧手进行实验研究表明,在同样的操作任务下,协调运动     

The mechanism of HIT/DLR prosthetic hand

A multi-sensory five-fingered prosthetic hand has been designed on the basis of underactuated mechanism and coupling principle. The hand is much similar to the adult hand. Three motors actuate the thumb, the index finger and the other three fingers each. The hand comprises 13 joints. Actuated by a motor, the thumb can move along a conic surface, which is superior in appearance. Driven by another motor with springs as transmission elements, the mid finger, ring finger and little finger can envelop objects with complex shape. The sensory system and the appearance design are introduced. It was verified by experiments that the hand has strong capacity of self adaptation and can accomplish accurate and powerful grasp for objects with complex shape.     

变姿态下的多指手抓取爆炸物能力分析

将多指手运用于排爆机器人以提高处理爆炸物的能力。论文针对排爆机器人在作业时其姿态的不断变化对抓取爆炸物能力的影响,寻求有利于提高抓取能力的最优手指关节角,以及多指手在不同的姿态下能抓取爆炸物的最大重量,并得出抓取能力最差的位姿。论文还考虑到爆炸物容易爆炸的特点,研究接触力不超过爆炸物所能承受的极限时多指手的抓取能力,为机器人安全操作爆炸物,防止过大的夹持力而使爆炸物发生爆炸提供理论依据。     

基于CFFCA的全驱动五指灵巧手抓取研究

为精确控制灵巧手对目标物体的抓取,针对灵巧手对目标物体的抓取控制实时性不高的问题,设计了全驱动五指灵巧手试验样机DH-MN-I。分析了单根手指的正运动学与逆运动学,提出了接触力反馈控制算法( CFFCA: Contact Force Feedback Control Algorithm) ,利用压力传感器的反馈值,实时控制灵巧手和目标物体之间的接触力,并且详细描述了灵巧手的强力抓取和精确抓取两种抓取模式。在全驱动五指灵巧手试验样机DH-MN-I 上的实验证明,在两种抓取模式下该算法对两种尺寸的目标物体实现抓取控制是可行的。利用提出的接触力反馈控制算法可控制全驱动灵巧手和目标物体之间的接触力,实现灵巧手对不同大小的目标物体的稳定抓取操作,实验结果表明,该算法实时性较好,有很高的灵巧性,具有应用价值。     

空间五指灵巧手单指力柔顺控制系统设计

为了可靠稳定地抓握物体,空间五指灵巧手大多采用主动柔顺控制方法。针对单指研究了腱空间和关节空间两种阻抗控制方法。基于所研制灵巧手系统参数建立的动力学模型,对两种方法进行了仿真分析。仿真结果验证了腱张力分配算法和两种控制器设计的有效性。关节空间控制方法消除了耦合效应,从而具有更好的跟踪性能。     

皮肤位移对人手运动图像三维检测精度的影响

为研究皮肤位移对人手运动三维图像检测精度的影响 ,对食指 -拇指对捏运动过程进行了测试、分析。并在此基础上 ,利用人手运动三维图像实时检测装置 ,进行了标定实验 ,取得了较为理想的测量效果。分析表明 :1)在进行手指一般运动分析时 ,如果在手指上选择优化的标志点粘贴位置 ,标志点族的面积和长度相对变化量小于 5 % ,皮肤位移产生的影响基本可以忽略不计 ;2 )皮肤位移对各指节测量精度影响有所不同 ,远侧指节误差较小 ,近侧指节产生的误差较大 ;3)当对捏指的屈曲角度增大 ,对捏运动周期百分比达 6 0 %时 ,皮肤位移对检测精度的影响快速增大。     

Decoding grasp movement from monkey premotor cortex for real-time prosthetic hand control

Brain machine interfaces (BMIs) have demonstrated lots of successful arm-related reach decoding in past decades, which provide a new hope for restoring the lost motor functions for the disabled. On the other hand, the more sophisticated hand grasp movement, which is more fundamental and crucial for daily life, was less referred. Current state of arts has specified some grasp related brain areas and offline decoding results; however, online decoding grasp movement and real-time neuroprosthetic control have not been systematically investigated. In this study, we obtained neural data from the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) when monkey reaching and grasping one of four differently shaped objects following visual cues. The four grasp gesture types with an additional resting state were classified asynchronously using a fuzzy k-nearest neighbor model, and an artificial hand was controlled online using a shared control strategy. The results showed that most of the neurons in PMd are tuned by reach and grasp movement, us- ing which we get a high average offline decoding accuracy of 97.1%. In the online demonstration, the instantaneous status of monkey grasping could be extracted successfully to control the artificial hand, with an event-wise accuracy of 85.1%. Overall, our results inspect the neural firing along the time course of grasp and for the first time enables asynchronous neural control of a prosthetic hand, which underline a feasible hand neural prosthesis in BMIs.     

3～6岁幼儿手长、中指长与身高关系的研究

本文报告了湘西吉首地区1171名3～6岁幼儿(男649,女522)的身高、手长和中指长的均值,手长及中指长占有身高的百分数,身高与手长及中指长的比值,身高手长指数和身高中指长指数;对手长及中指长与身高之间进行了相关和回归分析,分别提出了由手长、中指长推算身高的归方程.     

仿生柔性操作器机构的研究

本文从正常人手的结构特点出发,分析了手指基本运动下各关节弯曲角之间的关系.据此,提出一种具有三个指关节的柔性操作器模型,并对其机构姿态在外力作用下或者外界约束下的变化作了定性的分析.该操作不仅能较为逼真地模拟人手的自由伸屈或抓取等动作,而且可以包络方式抓取多种外形物体并实现增力要求.另外,针对柔性操作器的结构特性,文中还对该柔性机构的综合方法进行了论述,提出了两种基本综合方法:弹性元件选择法和结构参数优化法.     

机器人多指手的多目标优化抓取规划

针对有摩擦点接触条件下的多指抓取模型,借鉴人手抓取经验,提出了接触安全裕度概念.通过修正摩擦锥约束条件,建立了具有一定接触安全裕度的非线性内力优化模型,用于求解合适的接触力.为获取最优的抓取位形,将物体位姿参数作为变量,确定接触力与多指手关节力矩的关系,基于多指手关节空间内的转角位置度和相对承载能力性能指标,建立了多指抓取的多目标优化模型.最后,以三指手抓取系统为例进行了分析求解,并利用多目标粒子群优化算法进行物体位姿规划,获取了规划模型的非劣解前沿.结果表明,该方法能在保证安全抓取条件下,有效改善多指抓取的综合性能.     

The anthropomorphic design and experiments of HIT/DLR five-fingered dexterous hand

This paper presents a new developed anthropomorphic robot dexterous hand:HIT/DLR Hand Ⅱ.The hand is composed of an independent palm and five identical modular fingers,and each finger hasthree degree of freedom(DOFs)and four joints.All the actuators and electronics are integrated in thefinger body and the palm.Owing to using a new actuator,drivers and a novel arrangement,both thelength and width of the finger is about two third of its former version.By using the wire coupling mecha-nism,the distal phalan...     

考虑曲面间2阶接触约束的抓取和夹持的完全约束性分析

通过对点-面有向距离函数的推广，定义了面 面有向距离函数，分析了面 面有向距离函数的微分性质，推导出面 面有向距离函数的2阶泰勒展开式.在此基础上，定义了刚体B相对于多手指或夹具元A1,A2,…,Ak的2阶自由运动，指出2阶自由运动具有坐标变换不变性，以不存在2阶自由运动为条件定义了2阶完全约束条件，并提出了相应的代数判别准则.以4指完全约束四面体的仿真算例验证了该分析方法的有效性.     

一种改进型圆盘法提取手形特征点的新方法

现有手形指根和指尖点提取方法对手形图像有较高的摆放要求.针对自然摆放的手形图像,提出一种改进的圆盘法算法提取手形特征点.首先,利用数码相机对手形图像进行采样并进行灰度化与二值化;然后,提取手形图像的单像素轮廓;最后,提出改进型的圆盘法提取手形图像的指尖点和谷点.通过对包含155人共310副手形图像的验证,实验结果表明,提出的算法与方法可有效提取单像素手形轮廓线,对手形图像的指尖点与谷点的正确提取率分别为95.6%和94.8%.提出的方法克服了传统圆盘法提取高分辨率手形图像特征点效率低的缺陷,避免手指张开程度对算法可靠性的影响,体现了方法的优越性.     

基于单向气动驱动器的软体手变形机理

针对软体气动驱动器的变形机理,以气动驱动软体手为研究对象,开展了基于单向气动驱动器的软体手指弯曲和摆动机理的研究。设计了气动驱动软体手,其弯曲和摆动结构均由多个相互连通的气室和一个不可延伸层组成。当相邻气室因充气膨胀而相互挤压时,气室受到不可延伸层的约束,实现了弯曲和摆动变形。为进一步考察软体手的变形机理,对620#T超弹性硅橡胶材料的非线性力学特性进行了研究,测定了其材料常系数。基于Yeoh模型密度函数,结合空间力矩平衡方程,建立了驱动压强和曲率半径的理论模型,并开展了软体手指弯曲及摆动变形的仿真研究,结果证明了理论模型的正确性。研究结果可以为其他基于气动驱动的软体结构变形机理研究提供理论基础。     

机器人手的抓持能力和抓持判断

本文利用力旋量空间研究机器人抓持能力的度量问题.严格定义了平衡和稳定两种不同的抓持.用稳定(平衡)抓持域表征了机器人手的稳定(平衡)抓持能力的大小.讨论了两种稳定(或平衡)抓持域,即最大可能抓持域和有效抓持域.利用抓持域的概念可将抓持判断问题转化为一点(或一个集合)是否属于某一特定集合的几何问题,从而为在不解平衡方程的情况下判断抓持的性质提供了可能.     

高欠驱动的拟人机器人多指手

为改进清华大学研制的TH-1型拟人机器人手的传动机构,设计了一种欠驱动手指机构。该手指机构可用于拟人机器人手上,以较少的驱动器获得较多的关节自由度,同时获得较好的自适应抓取功能,降低装置对控制系统的要求。以该欠驱动手指机构为基础,设计了一种高欠驱动的拟人机器人多指手——TH-2手。研究结果表明:TH-2手具有高度拟人化、高欠驱动和高集成度,以及实时控制容易、体积小、质量轻、抓取功能较强等优点;TH-2手适合安装在拟人机器人上使用。