压力容器钢材在硝酸铵溶液中的应力腐蚀试验研究

采用由4种不同的压力容器钢材制成的含有预制裂纹的恒位移双悬臂梁（DCB）试件，在沸腾的NH4NO3溶液中进行了应力腐蚀试验，得到4种钢材的应力腐蚀门槛值KISCC。试验结果表明，ST45.8-Ⅵ钢的KISCC值最大，它具有较强的抗应力腐蚀开裂能力。4种钢材的腐蚀区均属脆性破坏，具有明显的晶间腐蚀开裂特征。     

硫化氢介质中注汽管材的应力腐蚀试验

应力腐蚀门槛值是评价管道抗应力腐蚀能力的重要性能参数。采用胜利油田现场使用的20g、13CrMo44、ST45．8、ST45．8．Ⅵ注汽管材，制作含有预制裂纹的恒位移双悬臂梁（DCB）试件，在H2S介质中进行了应力腐蚀试验，得到4种钢材的应力腐蚀门槛值KISCC和应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率da／dt。试验结果表明，ST45-Ⅳ钢的KISCC值最大，裂纹扩展速率最小，具有较强的抗应力腐蚀开裂能力。含碳量低、减少块状铁素体，细化组织有利于提高管材抗应力腐蚀的能力，管材在硫化氢介质中的应力腐蚀开裂属于氢致开裂和阳极溶解型混合开裂。     

法兰中钢材断口形貌及开裂机理分析

采用扫描显微镜和能谱相结合的分析技术,观察了法兰中钢铁断口形貌,分析其微观开裂原因。结果表明,氯化物引起钢材的应力腐蚀开裂,硫对腐蚀开裂起到了促进作用,应力腐蚀开裂引起法兰开裂。     

压应力对特殊螺纹套管材料腐蚀的影响

设计模拟材料承受压应力的夹具,运用高温高压釜,试验研究不同压应力下两种套管钢材料在硫化氢、二氧化碳与氯离子共同作用下的腐蚀速率,测试压应力作用下套管钢材料的腐蚀电化学行为。结果表明:在试验介质中石油套管材料腐蚀形态为点蚀,压应力的增加对试样的腐蚀有促进作用;当压应力小于材料屈服强度的一半时,材料腐蚀不明显,当压应力大于材料拉伸屈服强度的一半以后,材料腐蚀速率快速增加;石油套管与油管特殊螺纹接头密封面及扭矩台肩压应力设计值不应超过材料屈服强度的一半。     

压应力对特殊螺纹套管材料腐蚀的影响

设计模拟材料承受压应力的夹具,运用高温高压釜,试验研究不同压应力下两种套管钢材料在硫化氢、二氧化碳与氯离子共同作用下的腐蚀速率,测试压应力作用下套管钢材料的腐蚀电化学行为。结果表明:在试验介质中石油套管材料腐蚀形态为点蚀,压应力的增加对试样的腐蚀有促进作用;当压应力小于材料屈服强度的一半时,材料腐蚀不明显,当压应力大于材料拉伸屈服强度的一半以后,材料腐蚀速率快速增加;石油套管与油管特殊螺纹接头密封面及扭矩台肩压应力设计值不应超过材料屈服强度的一半。     

FV520B钢在H_2S/CO_2环境下的应力腐蚀

采用慢应变速率应力腐蚀拉伸试验方法,开展了FV520B钢在模拟管道压缩机叶轮腐蚀介质环境中的高温、高压应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)研究,探讨了H2S浓度、CO2浓度、温度、压力等环境参数对FV520B钢应力腐蚀开裂的影响规律和作用机制.试验结果表明,H2S起主要腐蚀作用,应力腐蚀敏感指数随H2S浓度的增加而增大,而压力在一定范围内对应力腐蚀敏感指数影响不大.通过试样断口微观形貌观察分析,研究其应力腐蚀行为和机理,并计算不同环境参数下的应力腐蚀敏感指数,运用回归分析方法建立了FV520B钢在H2S/CO2环境中应力腐蚀敏感指数与介质浓度、温度、压力等环境参数之间的数学模型,表明H2S浓度、温度对应力腐蚀敏感指数的影响较为显著,同时,4种参数对应力腐蚀敏感指数产生交互作用.     

pH值对高温高压水中304L不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂的影响

在高温高压水环境中,采用慢应变速率拉伸试验方法,研究了不同pH值对304L不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响规律,并通过扫描电镜对试样断口形貌进行观察与分析.结果表明:在300℃时,304L不锈钢在弱酸性和弱碱性溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性较大,且酸性越强,敏感性越大.在中性溶液中,304L不锈钢的强度和塑性损失较小,应力腐蚀敏感性较小,断口分析与之吻合.     

300M超高强度钢电化学性能及应力腐蚀开裂

采用动电位扫描技术和慢应变速率拉伸试验研究了超高强度钢300M在3.5%NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀行为,并利用扫描电镜观察了不同外加电位下的断口形貌.300M钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中开路电位下的应力腐蚀开裂机制为阳极溶解型,Cl-的存在明显地增加了材料的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性.阳极电位-600 mV下300M钢溶解速率加快,表现出较高的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性,断面收缩率损失由开路电路下的52.6%升高至99.5%,裂纹起源于表面点蚀坑处,应力腐蚀开裂为阳极溶解型机制.阴极电位-800 mV下材料处于阴极保护电位范围,表现出较低的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性,强度和韧度与空气中拉伸的数值相近,开裂机制为阳极溶解和氢致开裂协同作用.在更低电位(低于-950 mV)下,300M钢的应力腐蚀开裂机制为氢致开裂,在氢和拉应力的共同作用下表现出很大的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性.     

X80管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂

采用电化学动电位扫描技术、慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)试验和扫描电镜观察研究了X80管线钢及焊接接头在NS4溶液中的应力腐蚀行为.电化学实验结果显示,X80管线钢及焊接接头在NS4溶液中的极化曲线具有典型的活性溶解特征.SSRT试验结果表明,随着外加电位的负移,断裂时间、断面收缩率、应变量都明显变小,X80管线钢及焊接接头的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性增加,应力腐蚀断口呈现穿晶准解理特征.施加相同外加电位时,焊接接头较母材的应力腐蚀敏感性增加,其断裂位置全部落在焊缝或HAZ处.     

溶解氧和温度对O6Cr17Ni12Mo2Ti不锈钢在超临界水中应力腐蚀的影响

通过慢应变速率拉伸试验,在超临界水环境中研究了溶解氧和温度对06Cr17Ni12Mo2Ti不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂倾向的影响规律. 试验结果表明:在含不同溶解氧量(0/200/2000μg·kg-1 ) 的450℃和550℃超临界水环境中,不锈钢都呈现出不同程度的应力腐蚀开裂倾向. 随着水中溶解氧含量的增加,不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂倾向更为明显. 随着温度的上升,应力腐蚀开裂倾向反而会下降. 在含不同溶解氧量(0/200/2000μg·kg-1 )的650℃超临界水环境中,不锈钢只发生塑性断裂,未发现应力腐蚀开裂倾向,并且溶解氧对其影响也不是很明显.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the