交联聚合物溶液封堵性能影响因素分析

采用核微孔滤膜过滤法研究了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)浓度、相对分子质量以及HPAM与交联剂柠檬酸铝(AlCit)的交联比(HPAM与Al的质量比)对交联聚合物溶液(LPS)封堵性能的影响.试验结果表明,随着HPAM浓度和相对分子质量的增加,HPAM与AlCit反应形成的LPS通过1.2 μm核孔膜的过滤时间延长,对核孔膜的封堵程度增大.但是,相对分子质量为1.57×107的HPAM形成的LPS通过核孔膜时易发生剪切,达到封堵平衡时对核孔膜的封堵程度低于7.70×106的HPAM形成的LPS.对LPS来说存在一个最佳交联比值,在此交联比值时LPS对核孔膜的封堵程度最高.同时,从机理上阐述了产生这些结果的原因.     

交联聚合物微球分散体系封堵性能

用低压差核孔膜过滤实验、动态光散射实验和填充砂管实验对交联聚合物微球分散体系的封堵性能及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：交联聚合物微球分散体系可以对1．2μm的核孔膜形成有效封堵,而聚丙烯酰胺溶液（HPAM）基本不对核孔膜产生封堵;随着水化时间的增加,微球分散体系通过1．2μm核孔膜的过滤速率逐渐减小,对核孔膜的封堵程度逐渐增强,15d时封堵性能最好;随着NaCl质量分数的升高,微球分散体系的粒径逐渐减小,封堵性能也逐渐减弱;随着微球质量分数的增大,微球分散体系对1．2μm核孔膜形成的封堵性能增强;随着水化温度的升高,微球分散体系的溶胀速度加快,封堵能力减弱;交联聚合物微球分散体系能够进入填充砂管中深部,具有较好的深部运移能力和封堵能力。     

用不同类型粘度计测定交联聚合物溶液流变性质

用奥氏毛细管粘度计、落球粘度计和HAAKE RS150型流变仪分别测定了高相对分子质量、低浓度的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）与柠檬酸铝（AlCit）交联体系在交联反应过程中的粘度值，研究了在不同反应时间下HPAM—Al-Cit交联体系的粘度与剪切速率的关系。结果表明，在低剪切速率时，HPAM—AlCit交联体系的粘度随反应时间增加呈下降趋势；在剪切速率较高时交联体系具有剪切稠化现象；HPAM与AlCit发生分子内交联反应形成交联聚合物线团在水中的分散体系，这是交联体系粘度随反应时间增加而降低和剪切变稠的主要原因。     

交联聚合物溶液的粒度分析

应用动态光散射 (DLS)原理 ,采用高灵敏度纳米粒度分析仪 ,对低浓度部分水解聚丙烯酰胺 (HPAM )与交联剂柠檬酸铝 (AlCit)形成的交联聚合物溶液 (LPS)中的交联聚合物线团 (LPC)粒径分布进行了研究。结果表明 ,LPC的平均流体力学半径随着HPAM相对分子质量的增加而增大 ;随着交联反应时盐浓度的提高先减小而后增大。交联反应后 ,改变体系的盐浓度可影响LPC的大小 ,LPC的平均流体力学半径随体系盐浓度的提高而减小 ,随体系盐浓度的降低而增大。这说明水化的LPC内外的水可自由进出LPC ,线团具有良好的变形性。部分水解聚丙烯酰胺和交联剂柠檬酸铝浓度的改变可影响LPC的大小。采用DLS技术测得的LPC的大小基本与由SEM观测出的尺寸相符 ,说明DLS粒度分析可真实地反映体系中LPC的粒径分布     

交联聚合溶液的粒度分析

应用动态光散射（DLS）原理，采用高灵敏度纳米粒度分析仪，对低浓度部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）与交联剂柠檬酸铝（AlCit)形成的交联聚合物溶液（LPS）中的交联聚合物线团（LPC）粒径分布进行了研究。结果表明，LPC的平均流体力学半径随着HPAM相对分子质量的增加而增大；随着交联反应时盐浓度的提高先减小而后增大。交联反应后，改变体系的盐浓度可影响LPC的大小，LPC的平均流体力学半径随体系盐浓度的提高而减小，随体系盐浓度的降低而增大。这说明水化的LPC内外的水可自由进出LPC，线团具有良好的变形性。部分水解聚丙烯酰胺和交联剂柠檬酸铝浓度的改变可影响LPC的大小，采用DLS技术测得的LPC的大小基本与由SEM观测出的尺士相符，说明DLS粒度分析可直接地反映体系中LPC的粒径分布。     

HPAM/AlCit交联聚合物溶液微孔膜过滤行为研究

分别采用孔径为 1.2 μm醋酸纤维素树脂核微孔滤膜及 2 μm混合纤维素树脂热压滤膜 ,考察了HPAM/AlCit交联聚合物溶液在恒压并流微过滤条件下的微孔膜过滤行为。结果表明 ,随反应时间的延长 ,该交联聚合物溶液中交联聚合物线团的数目逐渐增加 ,对于核微孔滤膜 ,其封堵作用遵循表面过滤机理 ,侧重反映封堵过程中交联聚合物线团的粒子特性 ;而对于网络型热压滤膜 ,过滤实验中交联聚合物线团对滤膜的封堵作用逐步由深度过滤过渡到表面过滤 ,侧重反映交联聚合物线团封堵非均一孔径滤膜所具有的非均匀封堵特征 ,即遵循大孔到中孔到小孔的封堵过程     

交联聚合物溶液封堵岩心性能研究

交联聚合物溶液是由低浓度的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺 (HPAM )和柠檬酸铝 (交联剂 )配制成的 ,聚丙烯酰胺和交联剂中铝的质量配比为 2 0∶1。在封堵人造岩心时 ,矿化度、聚合物浓度、岩心渗透率三者之间具有一定的匹配关系时才能达到好的封堵效果。聚合物浓度及渗透率一定时 ,矿化度有一个上限值 ;提高聚合物浓度可以弥补矿化度对交联聚合物溶液封堵岩心性能的不利影响。对于低渗透率岩心 ,可以用提高交联聚合物溶液矿化度的方法来达到封堵岩心的目的 ,同时也避免出现滤饼     

部分水解聚丙烯酰胺与柠檬酸锆缓交联体系的研制

用柠檬酸锆交联部分水解聚丙烯酰胺配成一种缓交联体系,在交联过程中,柠檬酸锆可大大延缓部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的交联速度.试验证明,体系的粘度随时间的增加而逐渐增加,当体系的粘度升至3×10_3mPa·s时,需要174h.研究了该体系中柠檬酸铬的制备方法以及部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)最佳分子量、水解度及该体系中HPAM和Zr~4+的浓度及体系pH值的选择.分析了体系的pH值、Zr~(4+)与部分水解聚丙烯酰胺配比、温度及水的矿化度对交联反应速度的影响.     

用不同类型粘度计测定交联聚合物溶液流变性质

用奥氏毛细管粘度计、落球粘度计和HAAKE RS150型流变仪分别测定了高相对分子质量、低浓度的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)与柠檬酸铝(A1Cit)交联体系在交联反应过程中的粘度值,研究了在不同反应时间下HPAM-Al-Cit交联体系的粘度与剪切速率的关系.结果表明,在低剪切速率时,HPAM-AlCit交联体系的粘度随反应时间增加呈下降趋势;在剪切速率较高时交联体系具有剪切稠化现象;HPAM与A1Cit发生分子内交联反应形成交联聚合物线团在水中的分散体系,这是交联体系粘度随反应时间增加而降低和剪切变稠的主要原因.     

聚驱后B-PPG与HPAM非均相复合驱提高采收率技术

通过单填砂管流动实验中阻力系数的测量,对聚驱后支化预交联凝胶颗粒(B-PPG)与水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)复配的非均相体系的封堵性能进行了评价,优选出了封堵能力最佳的BPPG、HPAM非均相体系;通过渗透率不同的双填砂管驱油实验和微观驱油实验,研究了聚驱后非均相体系的调剖与驱油能力。单管封堵实验结果表明:B-PPG与HPAM复配的非均相体系,能够对填砂管进行有效封堵,显著提高聚驱后填砂管阻力系数和残余阻力系数,HPAM与B-PPG按质量比例6∶4(干重)配制时封堵效果最好。双管调驱实验结果表明:非均相体系调驱能够明显改善聚驱后高渗管和低渗管的分流比,使剩余油动用程度较低的低渗管采收率大幅提高。微观实验表明:非均相体系提高聚驱后采收率方式主要靠增大驱替液的波及系数来实现。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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