兰州市和太原市环境空气中NMHCs的碳同位素组成特征

研究了兰州市和太原市环境空气中非甲烷烃(NMHCs)的污染状况及来源。利用Tenax-TA吸附管采样,热解析-色谱-同位素质谱联用仪(TD-GC-IRMS)测定了两个城市夏季不同功能区环境空气中NMHCs的稳定碳同位素组成。得出,兰州市和太原市居民区苯的δ(13C)分别为-26.4‰和-25.0‰;正烷烃的δ(13C)分别为-33.9‰~-26.1‰,-32.8‰~-27.4‰;两市交通枢纽区环境空气中检测出的C4—C7之间的NMHCs化合物相同,δ(13C)相差不大,兰州市为-30.8‰~-25.6‰,太原市为-31.0‰~-26.4‰。结果表明,两市交通枢纽区苯主要来源于汽车尾气和油类挥发,工业区石化行业类主要排放的NMHCs污染物为苯和烷烃类化合物,电厂等大型企业主要排放异丁烯、顺-2-戊烯等。控制汽车尾气、油类挥发、工业排放是降低环境空气中NMHCs污染的关键。     

兰州市大气中NMHCs的稳定碳同位素组成及来源

利用Tenax TA吸附管采集了兰州市污染源和主要功能区冬季及夏季大气样品, 利用热解析-气相色谱-同位素质谱联用仪分析了样品中非甲烷烃的稳定碳同位素组成。结果表明: 不同源排放的 NMHCs 的稳定碳同位素组成不同, 交通相关源中NMHCs的δC平均值为 - 28. 7‰, 显著低于燃煤烟气(-24.1‰); 夏季各功能区NMHCs 的δ¹³C值相差不大, 平均值在 - 29. 5‰ ～- 27. 4‰之间, 冬季西固工业区的 δ¹³C平均值(-25. 5‰)大于盘旋路(-28. 8‰) 和二电厂(-31. 2‰)。同位素来源分析结果显示: 盘旋路冬夏两季 NMHCs主要来源于交通相关源; 西固工业区冬季 NMHCs 主要来源于燃煤烟气, 夏季正烷烃和苯主要来源于交通相关源;二电厂冬季正戊烷、正己烷和苯等主要来源于交通相关源; 居民区夏季 NMHCs 则受到交通相关源排放的影响较大, 其他未知源也有贡献。冬夏两季大气中均检测出苯的存在, 且主要来源于交通相关源, 因此控制交通相关源的排放是降低致癌物质苯污染的关键。     

Diet control on carbon isotopic composition of land snail shell carbonate

Carbon isotope compositions for both the carbonate shells and soft bodies (organic tissue) of living land snails collected mostly from the Loess Plateau, China have been measured. The result shows that δ 13C values range from -13.1‰ to -4.3‰ for the aragonite shell samples and from -26.8‰ to -18.0‰ for the soft body samples. Although the shells are enriched in 13C relative to the bodies averagely by 14.2(±0.8)‰, the shell δ 13Ca values are closely correlated to the body δ 13Corg values, expressed as δ 13Ca = 1.021 δ 13Corg 14.38 (R = 0.965; N = 31). This relationship indicates that δ 13Ca is primarily a function of the isotopic composition of the snail diets since previous studies have proved that the snail body is the same as their food in carbon isotope composition. In other words, carbon isotope compo-sition of the carbonate shell can be used as a proxy to estimate the dietary 13C abundance of the land snails. The data also support that the 13C enrichment of the carbonate shells results mainly from the equilibrium fractionations between the metabolic CO2, HCO3-in the hemolymph and shell aragonite, and partially from kinetic fractionations when snail shells form during their activity.     

Geochemical characteristics and source rock of Ordovician gas reservoir, Changqing Gasfield

Carbon isotopic composition of methane in Ordovician gas reservoir in the Changqing Gasfield can reflect the dominance of Upper Paleozoic coaltype gas despite its high mature degree. The¹²C-rich ethane in the Ordovician reservoir (δ¹³C₂ < −29%), known as a marker as oiltype gas, does not indicate the Ordovician marine carbonate as main source rock, it is because of the relative less ethane content in coaltype gas than in oiltyped gas due to generation and migration. The way of Upper Paleozoic coaltype gas migrating into the Ordovician reservoir is widely through the unconformlty instead of only through the erosion groove in the weathering crust.     

Carbon isotopic compositions of individual terpenoids in heavy oils from Karamay oilfield

The carbon isotopic compositions of individual terpenoids in the heavy oils from the Karamay oilfield were determined by using the method of enrichment of terpanes with molecular sieve 13X and GC-IRMS technique. The terpanes, selectively enriched from the biodegraded oils with molecular sieve 13X, can meet the demand of GC-IRMS analysis. The carbon isotopic compositions of the hopanoids (δ13C -31.7‰--37.8‰ ) infer that their main source is probably non-methanotrophic bacteria, and that the depositional environment of source rocks is a strongly reductive, rapidly depositional, and closed-semi-closed saline lagoon.     

Variability of snail growing season at the Chinese Loess Plateau during the last 75 ka

Knowledge of seasonal climate change is one of the key issues facing Quaternary paleoclimatic studies and estimating seasonal climate change is difficult,especially changes such as seasonal length on glacial-interglacial timescales.The stable isotope composition from seasonal land snail shells provides the potential to reveal seasonal climatic features.Two modern land snail species,cold-aridiphilous Pupilla aeoli and thermo-humidiphilous Punctum orphana,were collected from different climatic zones in 18 localities across the Chinese Loess Plateau,spanning 11 degrees of longitude and covering a range of 1000 km2.The duration of the snail growing season(temperature ≥10℃) was shorter(202 ± 6 d) in the eastern Loess Plateau compared with in the western Loess Plateau(162 ±7 d).The δ13C of P.aeoli shells was ?9.1‰ to ?4.7‰ and ?5.0‰ to 0.3‰ for δ18O.For P.orphana,the δ13C ranged from ?9.1‰ to ?1.9‰ and ?8.9‰ to ?2.9‰ for δ18O.Both the δ13C and δ18O differences between the two snail species were reduced from the east to the western Loess Plateau(2.8‰ to 0.2 ± 1.1‰ for δ13C and 4.7‰ to 2.9 ± 1.3‰ for δ18O).These isotopic differences roughly reflect the difference in the growing season lengths between the east and west Loess Plateau indicating that the duration of the snail growing season shortens by 15 d or 19 d if the difference decreases by 1‰ in δ13C or δ18O,respectively.Thus,the difference in δ13C and δ18O between both snail species can be used to reveal the length of the snail growing season in the past.Based on our investigation,the length of the snail growing seasons from the Xifeng region during the last 75 ka was reconstructed.During the mid-Holocene(8-3 ka),the mean isotopic difference from both snail species reached maximum values of 2.6 ± 0.7‰ and 2.1 ± 1.4‰ for δ13C and δ18O,respectively.This was followed by MIS 3 that ranged from 2.5 ± 0.4‰ for δ13C and 1.6 ± 0.8‰ for δ18O.The Last Glacial Maximum changed by only 0.2‰ and 0.4‰ for δ13C and δ18O,respectively.Therefore,we estimate that the duration of the snail growing seasons to be ～200 ± 10 d during the mid-Holocene,190 ± 6 d in MIS 3 and 160 ± 3 d during the last glacial period.     

Variations of organic carbon isotopic composition and its environmental significance during the last glacial on western Chinese Loess Plateau

The last glacial period is characterized by a cold and dry climate with low atmospheric CO2 concentration. The relatively arid climate and low CO2 concentration are favorable to the growth of C4 plants, but the low temperature limits the development of th…     

Characteristics of strontium isotopes and their implications in the Qixing Cave of Guizhou,China

The strontium isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sr) of samples including soils, bedrock, soil waters, drip waters and their corresponding speleothems in the Qixing Cave (QXC), Guizhou Province, China, were systemically measured and analyzed. The results indicate that there are significant Sr isotopic differences among samples. The mean 87Sr/86Sr ratios in drip water for the samples 1#, 4# and 9# were 0.709568, 0.709139 and 0.708761, respectively, which possibly result from different flow paths, residence times, and other hydrogeological processes in the unsaturated zone overlying QXC. Meanwhile, levels of 40.8%, 57.6% and 72.4% of Sr in drip waters for 1#, 4# and 9#, respectively, were derived from bedrock dissolution, which was calculated by the mixture model of the two end-members (soil and bedrock). There is, however, no positive correlation between the relative proportion from bedrock dissolution (δ13C value is 1.8‰) and drip water δ13CDIC values. The mean drip water δ13CDIC value in 1# is the heaviest (–4.5‰) with the lowest contribution rate of bedrock dissolution, whereas the value in 9# is the lightest (–9.3‰) with the highest contribution rate of bedrock dissolution. The proportion from host rock dissolution in 4# is higher than that in 1# and lower than that in 9#, while its mean drip water δ13CDIC value (–8.6‰) is higher than that of 9# and lower than that for 1#. This suggests that the prior calcite precipitation (PCP) processes in the unsaturated zone overlying the cave are responsible for the δ13CDIC value differences between different drip waters, and not bedrock dissolution. Furthermore, this study also demonstrates that the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of speleothems in the 1# and 4# mainly reflect the variation in the relative proportions from the soil system (soil water) and bedrock dissolution overlying the cave. It is, therefore, feasible to use the strontium isotopic signals of speleothems as an indicator for soil chemical weathering intensity, and consequently as a monsoon proxy in the study area.     

Nitrogen isotopic composition of plant-soil in the Loess Plateau and its responding to environmental change

The nitrogen isotope of soil is of emerging significance as an indicator of climatic change and biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen in nature systems. In this paper, the nitrogen content and isotopic composition of modern ecosystems from arid and semiarid Loess Plateau in northwestern China, including plant roots and surface soil, were determined to investigate trends in δ15N variation of plant roots and soil along a precipitation and temperature gradient in northwestern China under the East Asian Monsoon clim...     

Foliar δ^13C and δ^15N values of C3 plants in the Ethiopia Rift Valley and their environmental controls

The foliar C and N stable isotopic compositions （δ^13C and δ^15N） and the relationships between these compositions and environmental factors of C3 plants in the Ethiopia Rift Valley were investigated. There were three distribution patterns for foliar δ^13C with mean values of -26.7‰±0.4‰, -29.7‰ ±0.6‰ , and -26.9‰± 1.2‰ in cold-moist, temperate-moist, and arid-hot environments, respectively. The δ^15N values ranged from -1.4‰ ±1.7‰ to 14.3‰ ± 0.1‰, with higher values under arid-hot conditions and the lowest values in plants growing at higher altitudes under cold-moist conditions. A strong negative relationship between mean annual precipitation and δ^15N explained more than half of the observed variation in the δ^15N values （r2= 0.54, P 〈 0.001）; a modest positive relationship was also found between δ^15N and temperature （r2 = 0.32, P 〈 0.01）. A weakly positive relationship existed between δ^13C and temperature, and changes in δ^13C values with precipitation and altitude followed quadratic curves. This suggests a shift in the effects of water and heat conditions caused by altitude on carbon isotopic discrimination.     

Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of carbonates in middle Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation and sea-level change

δ13C of dolostones from the Wumishan Formation (1 310-1 207 Ma) in the Ming Tombs area near Beijing ranges from - 1.5 to 1.5‰ (PDB), and generally, the δ18O ranges from - 4 to - 5‰ (PDB). The secular variation of stable carbon isotopic compositions is cyclic. δ13C displays positive shifts from a sequence boundary to 1.5 per mil (PDB), then a negative shifts to - 1.5 per mil (PDB). In some unit, where δ13C values of the rocks are negative, they have relatively high δ18O values close to -4.0‰ (PDB). These characteristics of the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions may be associated with sea-level changes.     

Characteristics of gas geochemistry in Yangbajing geothermal field, Tibet

CO 2 is a main component of gases in the Yangbajing geothermal field, usually higher than 85 in volume; others are N 2, H 2S, H 2, CH 4, etc. Helium R/R a ratios, ranging from 0.14 to 0.46, indicate a crustal component to be dominant in the gases. δ 13C-CO 2 values and δ 34S-H 2S values are in the range -7.72‰--11.33‰ and 0.2‰-8.3‰, respectively. The gases are inferred to mostly derive from the partial melting of the Nyainqentanglha core complex. The gases of shallow and deep reservoirs are distinctive in chemical compositions and δ 34S-H 2S values, which shows their different flowing paths and physical-chemical processes. Sulphur does not approach isotopic equilibrium between H 2S and SO 2- 4 species in both reservoirs. Significance of steam chemical monitoring is also discussed.     

Large selenium isotopic variations and its implication in the Yutangba Se deposit, Hubei Province, China

The selenium isotopic ratios have been measured in the Yutangba Se deposit, Hubei Province, China. The results show that the δ 82/76SeNIST values vary from -12.77‰ to 4.93‰, which is the largest Se iso- topic variation found so far in natural terrestrial samples. The sample Ytb-5 of high-selenium carbona-ceous shale has the lightest Se isotopic composition with a δ 82/76SeNIST value of -12.77‰. On the basis of variations of Se isotope in the deposit along with other geological and geochemical evidence, the "redox model" is suggested to favor the explanation of the occurrence of native Se in the deposit. The application to the Yutangba Se deposit with the discovery of large Se isotopic fractionation for natural samples indicates the potential of Se isotope as a new geochemical tracer.     

Compound-specific carbon isotope compositions of individual long-chain n-alkanes in severe Asian dust episodes in the North China coast in 2002

Asian dust storms originating from the arid regions of central and eastern Asia and from the Loess Plateau in China frequently occur in spring [1,2]. Driven by the East Asian monsoon, Asian dust can be transported to northern Pacific Ocean[2―8]. Asian du…     

Variation of soil Δδ13C values in Xifeng loess-paleosol sequence and its paleoenvironmental implication

The carbon isotopic compositions of soil organic matter （SOM） and total carbonate （TC） in Xifeng Ioess-paleosol sequence have been studied. The δ^13CsoM values vary from -23.8‰ to -20.2‰, which are higher in interglacial than in glacial stages. Contrary to δ^13Csoi values, the δ^13CTc values vary from -8.5‰ to -3.6‰ and are lower in interglacial than in glacial stages. The differences （△δ^13C） between the δ^13CsoM and δ^13CTc values vary from 14.1‰ to 19.4‰. Our results from the Xifeng loesspaleosol sequence indicate that the △δ^13C values represent the ratio of primary carbonate （PC） to secondary carbonate （SC）. The △δ^13C values were high in the loess stages, and the maximal PC-to-SC ratio can reach 6：4. But in the paleosol stages, the △δ^13C values were low, with a small proportion of PC. The △δ^13C values in Ioess-paleosol sequence also indicate the contributions of the dust to the loess sediment in the Chinese Loess Plateau because the dust contains the PC.     

Determination and geological implication of O-Si isotope of the sediment core in the CC area, the Pacific Ocean

Conclusions  

Determination of trophic relationships within a Bohai Bay food web using stable δ15N and δ13C analysis

This study measured stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in phytoplankton, zooplankton, five invertebrates species, eight fishes species and three seabirds species collected in Bohai Bay. δ^13C ranged from -25.38‰ to -11.08‰ showing a relative low enrichment in the food web from Bohai Bay. The mean δ^13C of mullet is higher than that of other organisms, and this might be due to that mullet is migration fish and feeds mainly on inshore sources. δ^15N ranged from 4.08‰ to 13.98‰, and showed a step-wise enrichment with trophic level of 3.8‰. The δ^15N enrichment factor was used to construct an isotopic food web model to establish trophic relationships within this marine food web. According to this model, exact trophic levels of all organisms were estimated as 1.46-2.10, 1.91-3.32, 2.55-4.23 and 2.98-4.28 for plankton, invertebrates, fishes, and seabirds.     

A reconnaissance of Cu isotopic compositions of hydrothermal vein-type copper deposit Jinman,Yunnan, China

The Jinman deposit is a low-temperature hydrothermal vein-type copper deposit, which occurs along faults and fractures within Middle Jurassic sandstone and mudstone units of the Lanping-Simao Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin of Yunnan Province. In this note, we report for the first time the Cu isotopic compositions of Cu-sulfides from the Jinman deposit. The data show large variations and low δ⁶⁵Cu values of -3.70‰ to +0.30‰, which are in sharp contrast to the δ⁶⁵Cu values of high-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal copper deposits (-0.62‰ to +0.40‰) and the modern ocean-floor massive sulfide deposits (-0.48‰ to +1.15‰). It is suggested that the Cu isotope fractionation at Jinman is affected mainly by the following factors, i.e. a low temperature of ore formation (150—286℃); a sedimentary source for ore materials; various stages of ore deposition; and involvement of organic matter in the ore-forming processes.     

The biomarkers of 2,6,10,15, 19-pentamethylicosenes and their carbon isotopic composition in the sediments from the Gulf of Mexico

The methanogenic archaea and sulfate reduction bacteria are flourishing in the sediments associated with gas venting and gas hydrate settings on the sea floor, where the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) me-diated by these bacteria is the dominant path…     

Carbon isotopic record of foraminifers in surface sediments from the South China Sea and its significance

Since the 1990s, the papers and data involved withthe South China Sea (SCS) have been emerging in largenumbers in the world as people pay more attention to thepaleoceanography of the SCS. There have been more than100 cores mentioned in papers containing p…