可动微凝胶油藏适应性及调驱机制

针对深部调驱矿场实际需求,利用仪器检测和理论分析方法研究可动微凝胶(SMG)的渗透率极限、岩心孔喉与SMG粒径匹配关系、SMG注入、运移和封堵性能,通过微观驱油实验进一步分析其调驱机制。结果表明:根据岩心渗透率极限与质量分数拟合的曲线方程可预测渗透率极限;SMG质量分数为1%前提下,当孔隙半径中值/颗粒半径大于2.65时,可满足SMG颗粒在油藏运移初步条件;SMG颗粒在微观上通过对孔喉进行堵塞-突破-再堵塞-再突破的过程,增加大尺寸孔隙喉道渗流阻力,促使注入水转向进入中小尺寸孔隙喉道,驱替其中剩余油,达到扩大波及体积效果。     

驱油过程中的油水乳化对波及效率的影响

利用物理模拟手段研究了乳状液本身的波及效率、对驱油剂波及效率的影响及其原因.结果表明,驱油过程中发生乳化而生成的乳状液不仅自身具有较高的波及效率,而且可以提高驱油剂的波及效率,出现这种情况的原因是一方面乳状液的液滴可以封堵孔隙而降低高渗介质的渗透率,另一方面乳状液在多孔介质中运移时粒径的减小可以降低其进入低渗介质的阻力.     

黏弹性颗粒驱油剂注入性能研究

通过填砂管驱替实验,研究了温度、矿化度、注入速度、注入浓度、孔喉直径与黏弹性颗粒驱油剂粒径中值比值等因素对黏弹性颗粒驱油剂注入能力的影响。研究表明,黏弹性颗粒驱油剂以"堆积堵塞—压力升高—变形通过—压力降低"的方式在多孔介质中运移,具有良好的非均质调整能力。温度、矿化度对黏弹性颗粒驱油剂注入能力影响较小;随着注入速度、注入浓度的增加,黏弹性颗粒驱油剂的注入压力增大;孔喉直径与黏弹性颗粒驱油剂粒径中值比值对黏弹性颗粒驱油剂注入能力影响较大,该值在0.008~0.014时,黏弹性颗粒驱油剂具有良好的深部调驱效果。     

非均质油层粘弹性凝胶颗粒提高采收率机理研究

通过非均质双填砂管调驱实验、平板夹砂模型驱油实验和微观驱油实验对黏弹性凝胶颗粒(PPG)提高非均质油层采收率机理进行了研究。非均质平行管岩心调驱实验表明:PPG可在孔隙介质中不断重复封堵与运移,具有良好的调驱性能;PPG优先进入并封堵高渗透层,调整非均质地层吸水剖面,将高渗和低渗岩心的分液量比由原来的高于90∶10调整至30∶70,具备显著的液流转向及油层分流能力;同时,PPG可将低渗透油层的采收率在水驱基础上再提高32.1%;而高渗透油层及整体采收率则分别提高13%和22.9%。微观驱油实验结果表明,PPG能够对不同孔径的孔道进行动态交替封堵,具有显著的封堵高渗孔道、调整非均质、增大波及系数的能力。非均质平板夹砂模型驱油实验中,PPG对不同渗透率条带中的原油都有驱动作用,最终采收率达89%。微观驱油实验结果表明,PPG在非均质油层中实现动态液流转向、扩大波及系数是其提高采收率的主要机理。     

波及系数对稠油化学驱采收率的影响

为了研究稠油化学驱的影响因素,通过测定碱和表面活性剂复合体系与原油的界面张力、乳化能力和油膜收缩速率,得到了具有不同性能的配方,采用岩心驱替试验评价不同体系的驱油效率.结果表明,表面活性剂与稠油虽然可以达到超低界面张力,但是采收率不高,碳酸钠体系界面张力较高,但是采收率最高.分析表明:低界面张力体系虽然可以增大毛管数,提高洗油效率,但是在驱替过程中导致水驱通道内含油饱和度低,驱油剂窜进严重,波及系数较低;碳酸钠体系虽然没有达到超低界面张力,但是其乳化能力强,油膜收缩速率低,因而具有较大的波及系数,获得了较高的最终采收率.因此对于稠油油藏,提高驱油剂的波及系数对获得较高的采收率更为重要.     

非均相复合驱非连续相渗流特征及提高驱油效率机制

非均相复合驱是聚合物驱后油藏大幅度提高采收率的重要方法。微流控实验及室内双管岩心流动实验均表明非均相复合驱具有非连续相渗流特征,表现为压力一定条件下微通道内流速仍大幅波动、不同渗透率双管岩心中分流量持续交替变化。综合考虑凝胶颗粒弹性变形特征、聚合物增黏与非牛顿特性、表面活性剂降低界面张力作用及润湿改变等化学剂作用机制,建立非均相复合驱微观渗流格子玻尔兹曼模拟方法。基于微观数值模拟结果,揭示非均相复合驱提高驱油效率机制,颗粒暂堵升压后变形运移、固液增阻导致液流转向、驱替液增黏抑制黏性指进、强化启动微观剩余油,进而提高微观波及系数及微观洗油效率。     

特低渗储层孔隙结构对CO2驱特征影响

由于强烈的成岩作用,特低渗储层孔隙结构特征复杂,核磁共振实验结果表明,渗透率相近的岩心具有不同的孔隙结构,实验特低渗岩心孔隙结构特征表现为双峰分散型、双峰偏细歪度型及双峰偏粗歪度型;通过核磁共振方法研究了孔隙结构对水驱及后续CO2驱特征的影响,结果表明,不同孔隙结构岩心CO2驱提高采收率机理不同,对于双峰偏细歪度型岩心,CO2驱主要驱替小孔隙中的富集原油,提高了微观波及效率;对于双峰偏粗歪度岩心,CO2驱主要驱替大、中孔隙中的残余油滴和油膜,提高了驱油效率,实验结果为CO2驱提高采收率机理研究及油藏优选提供了参考。     

聚合物/表面活性剂二元驱扩大波及体积性能

利用微观刻蚀、层间非均质平板、层内非均质平板模型驱油实验研究聚合物/表面活性剂二元驱扩大波及体积性能。结果表明,残余油多以膜状、岛状、喉道、盲端、柱状、簇状等6种形式存在。微观上,二元驱转向水驱无法波及的含油孔隙区域内驱替残余油;宏观上,其对高渗透区域产生封堵,迫使其进入渗流阻力较小的低渗透区域内驱替残余油,扩大波及体积效果显著,提高采收率13.4%~14.3%。二元驱通过聚合物增加驱替液黏度,使其吸附及滞留在孔隙中,降低驱替相渗透率,驱替相流度减小;二元驱对油黏度影响很小,油聚集在驱替液前缘,增加油相渗透率,油相流度变大。由此,两相流度比减小,克服注水指进,增加吸水厚度,提高波及系数,进而提高采收率。     

高含盐油藏水驱储层参数变化机理及规律研究

通过岩心驱替以及砂岩微观孔隙模型驱替实验,研究了高含盐油藏水驱储层参数变化机理和规律.运用先进的支持向量机方法对驱替实验结果进行处理,完成了储层渗透率变化规律的定量描述.研究结果表明,高含盐油藏储层参数变化呈多元非线性函数关系,变化规律复杂;渗透率变化存在临界值,大于临界值时,渗透率随着驱替速度、驱替量和含盐量的增加而增大,小于临界值时,渗透率随着驱替速度、驱替量和含盐量的增加而减小;注入水性质会对参数变化过程有影响,而对最终变化结果无影响;盐的溶解是储层参数变化的根本原因,岩石颗粒的脱落和运移是储层参数变化的直接原因.     

低渗透油藏二元复合驱微观机制研究

 选取不同渗透率级别的低渗和特低渗储层岩心进行水驱、二元驱油实验,研究不同驱替方式、驱替压力梯度对驱油效率的影响.实验结果表明,对于低渗透油藏,二元驱油效率高于水驱,随着压力梯度的增大,驱油效率增加,并且渗透率越低,增加幅度越明显.通过核磁共振T₂谱与恒速压汞微观孔喉测试相结合,分析岩心束缚水状态含油饱和度分布及残余油分布规律,发现较高压力梯度下二元驱替后,低渗透岩心中细微孔隙残余油较少,而高渗透岩心中较大孔隙残余油较多.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-