贝叶斯理论在光栅动态误差预报中的应用

针对实际测量过程中需要对数据量较少的非平稳性误差进行随机序列建模预报。提出了贝叶斯动态测量误差序列的预报方法。该方法不要求较大的数据量，对序列平稳性无限制，而且在预报过程中间隔插入标准量能有效提高预报精度。设计了一个光栅测长仪动态误差测量实验系统，利用贝叶斯预报方法对其动态误差数据进行建模预报，验证了贝叶斯预报方法的适用性和可行性。     

Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour

The appearance of anatomically modern humans in Europe and the nature of the transition from the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic are matters of intense debate. Most researchers accept that before the arrival of anatomically modern humans, Neanderthals had adopted several 'transitional' technocomplexes. Two of these, the Uluzzian of southern Europe and the Chatelperronian of western Europe, are key to current interpretations regarding the timing of arrival of anatomically modern humans in the region and their potential interaction with Neanderthal populations. They are also central to current debates regarding the cognitive abilities of Neanderthals and the reasons behind their extinction. However, the actual fossil evidence associated with these assemblages is scant and fragmentary, and recent work has questioned the attribution of the Chatelperronian to Neanderthals on the basis of taphonomic mixing and lithic analysis. Here we reanalyse the deciduous molars from the Grotta del Cavallo (southern Italy), associated with the Uluzzian and originally classified as Neanderthal. Using two independent morphometric methods based on microtomographic data, we show that the Cavallo specimens can be attributed to anatomically modern humans. The secure context of the teeth provides crucial evidence that the makers of the Uluzzian technocomplex were therefore not Neanderthals. In addition, new chronometric data for the Uluzzian layers of Grotta del Cavallo obtained from associated shell beads and included within a Bayesian age model show that the teeth must date to ~45,000-43,000 calendar years before present. The Cavallo human remains are therefore the oldest known European anatomically modern humans, confirming a rapid dispersal of modern humans across the continent before the Aurignacian and the disappearance of Neanderthals.     

基于预测差值的医学图像可逆信息隐藏

针对目前医学图像需要对图像中特殊区域进行划分以及在应用于医学图像时效果不稳定、嵌入容量小等问题,结合医学图像的特点,提出一种基于预测差值的可逆信息隐藏算法。首先采用中值边缘预测算法计算预测差值,再根据预测差值的分类进行信息嵌入和像素平移;在形成载密图像的过程中,为防止像素值溢出,对原始图像进行多次预嵌入来标记所有可能发生溢出的像素点位置,且标记过的像素点不再修改。实验结果表明,本文算法能在保证图像质量的同时获得较高的嵌入量。     

PYY modulation of cortical and hypothalamic brain areas predicts feeding behaviour in humans

The ability to maintain adequate nutrient intake is critical for survival. Complex interrelated neuronal circuits have developed in the mammalian brain to regulate many aspects of feeding behaviour, from food-seeking to meal termination. The hypothalamus and brainstem are thought to be the principal homeostatic brain areas responsible for regulating body weight. However, in the current 'obesogenic' human environment food intake is largely determined by non-homeostatic factors including cognition, emotion and reward, which are primarily processed in corticolimbic and higher cortical brain regions. Although the pleasure of eating is modulated by satiety and food deprivation increases the reward value of food, there is currently no adequate neurobiological account of this interaction between homeostatic and higher centres in the regulation of food intake in humans. Here we show, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, that peptide YY3-36 (PYY), a physiological gut-derived satiety signal, modulates neural activity within both corticolimbic and higher-cortical areas as well as homeostatic brain regions. Under conditions of high plasma PYY concentrations, mimicking the fed state, changes in neural activity within the caudolateral orbital frontal cortex predict feeding behaviour independently of meal-related sensory experiences. In contrast, in conditions of low levels of PYY, hypothalamic activation predicts food intake. Thus, the presence of a postprandial satiety factor switches food intake regulation from a homeostatic to a hedonic, corticolimbic area. Our studies give insights into the neural networks in humans that respond to a specific satiety signal to regulate food intake. An increased understanding of how such homeostatic and higher brain functions are integrated may pave the way for the development of new treatment strategies for obesity.     

开采沉陷预计中参数误差对移动变形值的影响

针对开采沉陷预计中的概率积分法,分析了由于主要预计参数的误差而导致移动变形值的误差,并且分析了其对应的变化规律和关系。     

动态误差时间序列小波神经网络预测模型

基于现代误差修正技术,研究小波神经网络建立的动态测量误差预测模型,以进行误差修正,提高动态测量精度,避免了传统神经网络需要人为干预网络结构参数的不足。文章介绍了建模方法,重点对大轴圆度误差测量过程中的动态测量数据进行实例分析,结果表明,该模型预测精度高,具有重要的应用价值。     

动态测量误差灰色模型插值预报理论及应用

根据灰色建模机理和特点 ,分析动态测量中灰色模型插值的可行性 ,提出动态测量误差白化生成的灰色预测模型用于插值预报的方法。且进一步以长光栅动态测量系统为对象 ,将所获得的动态测量数据建立误差预报灰色模型 ,并对离散点进行动态测量误差插值预报。实践证明 ,灰色模型插值是正确的和有效的     

数据中偶然误差和系统误差的分析与检验

分析了数据中误差存在的普遍性;在讨论偶然误差的特点、测度、分布的基础上,分析算术平均数与最小二乘原理和最大或然原则的一致性,给出了标准差的计算公式;对数据中系统误差以及系统误差的检验进行专门研究,介绍了五种实用性强、可操作的系统误差检验方法,为消除系统误差奠定基础。     

Parochial altruism in humans

Social norms and the associated altruistic behaviours are decisive for the evolution of human cooperation and the maintenance of social order, and they affect family life, politics and economic interactions. However, as altruistic norm compliance and norm enforcement often emerge in the context of inter-group conflicts, they are likely to be shaped by parochialism--a preference for favouring the members of one's ethnic, racial or language group. We have conducted punishment experiments, which allow 'impartial' observers to punish norm violators, with indigenous groups in Papua New Guinea. Here we show that these experiments confirm the prediction of parochialism. We found that punishers protect ingroup victims--who suffer from a norm violation--much more than they do outgroup victims, regardless of the norm violator's group affiliation. Norm violators also expect that punishers will be lenient if the latter belong to their social group. As a consequence, norm violations occur more often if the punisher and the norm violator belong to the same group. Our results are puzzling for evolutionary multi-level selection theories based on selective group extinction as well as for theories of individual selection; they also indicate the need to explicitly examine the interactions between individuals stemming from different groups in evolutionary models.     

Egalitarian motives in humans

Participants in laboratory games are often willing to alter others' incomes at a cost to themselves, and this behaviour has the effect of promoting cooperation. What motivates this action is unclear: punishment and reward aimed at promoting cooperation cannot be distinguished from attempts to produce equality. To understand costly taking and costly giving, we create an experimental game that isolates egalitarian motives. The results show that subjects reduce and augment others' incomes, at a personal cost, even when there is no cooperative behaviour to be reinforced. Furthermore, the size and frequency of income alterations are strongly influenced by inequality. Emotions towards top earners become increasingly negative as inequality increases, and those who express these emotions spend more to reduce above-average earners' incomes and to increase below-average earners' incomes. The results suggest that egalitarian motives affect income-altering behaviours, and may therefore be an important factor underlying the evolution of strong reciprocity and, hence, cooperation in humans.     

减小电子测量误差的方法

本文分析了电子测量系统产生误差的原因，进而介绍从硬件及软件两个方面减小电子测量误差的方法。最后给出一个实例。     

Altruistic punishment in humans.

Human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. Unlike other creatures, people frequently cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people they will never meet again, and when reputation gains are small or absent. These patterns of cooperation cannot be explained by the nepotistic motives associated with the evolutionary theory of kin selection and the selfish motives associated with signalling theory or the theory of reciprocal altruism. Here we show experimentally that the altruistic punishment of defectors is a key motive for the explanation of cooperation. Altruistic punishment means that individuals punish, although the punishment is costly for them and yields no material gain. We show that cooperation flourishes if altruistic punishment is possible, and breaks down if it is ruled out. The evidence indicates that negative emotions towards defectors are the proximate mechanism behind altruistic punishment. These results suggest that future study of the evolution of human cooperation should include a strong focus on explaining altruistic punishment.     

英语参考书的正误信息

英语参考书有各自的正误信息,正误句并列及各句首相对应的正误信息符号是其基本表现形式。英语参考书的正误信息一般是语言学信息,正误信息范畴设定大同小异,正误词典的词条、百科全书的论文、手册的简明论文,则都赋予其区别性的正误信息符号。     

科技英语术语翻译中常见错误分析

在科技英语术语的翻译过程中,经常会有一些错误出现,诸如望文生义,断章取义,忽略词语搭配,疏于逻辑分析,违背专业常识等.本文通过分析科技英语术语翻译过程中这些常见的错误的起因,使初涉翻译领域者避免同类错误再现.     

Oxytocin increases trust in humans

Trust pervades human societies. Trust is indispensable in friendship, love, families and organizations, and plays a key role in economic exchange and politics. In the absence of trust among trading partners, market transactions break down. In the absence of trust in a country's institutions and leaders, political legitimacy breaks down. Much recent evidence indicates that trust contributes to economic, political and social success. Little is known, however, about the biological basis of trust among humans. Here we show that intranasal administration of oxytocin, a neuropeptide that plays a key role in social attachment and affiliation in non-human mammals, causes a substantial increase in trust among humans, thereby greatly increasing the benefits from social interactions. We also show that the effect of oxytocin on trust is not due to a general increase in the readiness to bear risks. On the contrary, oxytocin specifically affects an individual's willingness to accept social risks arising through interpersonal interactions. These results concur with animal research suggesting an essential role for oxytocin as a biological basis of prosocial approach behaviour.     

科技英语术语翻译中常见错误分析

在科技英语术语的翻译过程中，经常会有一些错误出现，诸如望文生义，断章取义，忽略词语搭配，疏于逻辑分析，违背专业常识等．本文通过分析科技英语术语翻译过程中这些常见的错误的起因，使初涉翻译领域者避免同类错误再现．