Role of ethylene signaling in the production of rice volatiles induced by the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens

In response to herbivory, plants release volatiles to attract the natural enemies of herbivores[1,2]. This phe- nomenon has been reported in more than 23 plant spe- cies[3―6], and several field studies have shown that these herbivore-induced volatiles en…     

Surface-to-air signals.

Powerful volatile regulators of gene expression, pheromones and other airborne signals are of great interest in biology. Plants are masters of volatile production and release, not just from flowers and fruits, but also from vegetative tissues. The controlled release of bouquets of volatiles from leaves during attack by herbivores helps plants to deter herbivores or attract their predators, but volatiles have other roles in development and in the control of defence gene expression. Some of these roles may include long-distance signalling within and perhaps between plants.     

Attractiveness of tobacco volatiles induced by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa assulta</Emphasis> to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Campoletis chlorideae</Emphasis>

The attraction of Helicoverpa armigera-and Helicoverpa assulta-induced and mechanical damage-induced tobacco volatiles to Campoletis chlorideae was investigated, and the induced volatiles were analyzed. In windtunnel, C. chlorideae was strongly attracted by herbivoreinduced tobacco volatiles. Mechanically damaged tobacco leaves, whether treated with caterpillar regurgitant or water,were more attractive to the parasitoid than undamaged tobacco leaves. GC-MS analysis revealed that only 4 compounds were released from undamaged tobacco leaves,whereas 13 compounds were commonly emitted from herbivore-infested and mechanically damaged tobacco leaves.Compound β-pinene was specifically induced by the infestation of H. armigera, and (Z)-3-hexenal was only induced by the infestation of H. armigera and H. assulta, whereas hexyl acetate was only induced by mechanical damage. Tobacco leaves infested by H. armigera and H. assulta released larger amounts of volatiles than undamaged tobacco leaves did.Tobacco leaves treated with artificial damage plus caterpillars regurgitant or water emitted the same levels of volatiles,which were higher than that emitted by undamaged tobacco leaves. The emission amounts of single compounds were also different between differently treated plants. The differences were large between herbivore-induced and mechanical damage-induced compounds, and small between H. armigeraand H.assulta-induced compounds, and among compounds emitted from mechanically damaged plants treated with water or caterpillar regurgitant.     

Jasmonate and salicylate induce expression of herbivore cytochrome P450 genes

Jasmonate and salicylate are plant-produced signals that activate plant defence genes after herbivory or pathogen attack. Amplification of these signals, evoked by either enemy attack or experimental manipulation, leads to an increase in the synthesis of toxic compounds (allelochemicals) and defence proteins in the plants. Although the jasmonate and salicylate signal cascades activate different sets of plant defence genes, or even act antagonistically, there is substantial communication between the pathways. Jasmonate and salicylate also contribute to protecting plants against herbivores by causing plants that experience insect damage to increase their production of volatile molecules that attract natural enemies of herbivorous insects. In response to plant defences, herbivores increase their production of enzymes that detoxify allelochemicals, including cytochrome P450s (refs 15, 16). But herbivores are potentially vulnerable to toxic allelochemicals in the duration between ingesting toxins and induction of detoxification systems. Here we show that the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea uses jasmonate and salicylate to activate four of its cytochrome P450 genes that are associated with detoxification either before or concomitantly with the biosynthesis of allelochemicals. This ability to 'eavesdrop' on plant defence signals protects H. zea against toxins produced by host plants.     

β-Glucosidase treatment and infestation by the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens elicit similar signaling pathways in rice plants

β-Glucosidase has been reported to induce the production of herbivore-induced plant volatiles. However, how it works remains unclear. Here, we investigated the levels of salicylic acid （SA）, jasmonic acid （JA）, ethylene, and H2O2, all of which are known signaling molecules that play important roles in induced plant defense in rice plants treated with β-glucosidase, and compared these to levels in plants infested by the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens （Stal）. Results showed that wounding and treatment by β-glucosidase increased the levels of SA, ethylene, and H2O2, but not JA, in all plants compared to control plants. The signaling pathways activated by β-glucosidase treatment are similar to those activated by an infestation by N. lugens, although the magnitude and timing of the signals elicited by the two treatments are different. This may explain why both treatments have similar volatile profiles and are equally attractive to the parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae Pang et Wang.     

Herbivory-induced volatiles elicit defence genes in lima bean leaves

In response to herbivore damage, several plant species emit volatiles that attract natural predators of the attacking herbivores. Using spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) and predatory mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis), it has been shown that not only the attacked plant but also neighbouring plants are affected, becoming more attractive to predatory mites and less susceptible to spider mites. The mechanism involved in such interactions, however, remains elusive. Here we show that uninfested lima bean leaves activate five separate defence genes when exposed to volatiles from conspecific leaves infested with T. urticae, but not when exposed to volatiles from artificially wounded leaves. The expression pattern of these genes is similar to that produced by exposure to jasmonic acid. At least three terpenoids in the volatiles are responsible for this gene activation; they are released in response to herbivory but not artificial wounding. Expression of these genes requires calcium influx and protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.     

Effects of herbivore-induced rice volatiles on the host selection behavior of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

It has been suggested that herbivore would react to volatiles produced by herbivore infested plant due to potential change, either positive or negative, in the acceptability of the host plant. This hypothesis was tested for the brown planthopper (BPH) in the laboratory. Sixteen components of the headspace volatiles from rice seedlings with different treatments were collected with SPME and Tenax-TA trap and analyzed with GC and GC-MS. Significant differences in volatile emissions were observed for rice plants with different treatments. Undamaged control plants, mechanically damaged plants and the plants infested by BPH for 1 or 2 d emitted much lower amounts of volatiles compared to the plants infested by BPH for 3 or 5 d. The plants infested by BPH for 3 or 5 d emitted several volatiles that were not detected in undamaged control plants, mechanically damaged plants or the plants infested by BPH for 1 or 2 d. Spodoptera litura infested plants released much higher amounts of volatiles than those in all other treatments, and the contents of several green leaf volatiles, methyl salicylate and terpenoids increased dramatically. In dual-choice flight tunnel experiments, adult BPH females showed no significant preference between the untreated healthy plants and mechanically damaged plants or the plants infested by BPH adult females. However, rice plants damaged by S. litura had a clearly repellent effects on BPH adult females compared to healthy undamaged plants, mechanically damaged plants or the plants infested by BPH.     

烟草中的挥发物对烤烟香气的影响

为探讨烟草中挥发性物质与其烟气质量的关系,采用毛细管气相色谱(GC)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对国内外约3000多个烤烟样品中的挥发性物质进行了系统分析,研究烟草的产地、品种、种植条件、气候、烟叶位置及陈化对烟草中挥发性物质和烟气质量的影响．结果显示,所有烤烟中的挥发性物质的组分是相同的,但各组分的含量却有很大差别．对产于不同地区的卷烟烟气的强度、刺激性、风味和余味的评价表明,它们之间存在明显的质的差异,说明烟气质量可以根据烟草中含量相对丰富的挥发性物质来进行初步评价。     

Effects of herbivore-induced rice volatiles on the host selection behavior of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

It has been suggested that herbivore would react to volatiles produced by herbivore infested plant due to potential change, either positive or negative, in the acceptability of the host plant. This hypothesis was tested for the brown planthopper (BPH) in the laboratory. Sixteen components of the headspace volatiles from rice seedlings with different treatments were collected with SPME and Tenax-TA trap and analyzed with GC and GC-MS. Significant differences in volatile emissions were observed for rice plants with different treatments. Undamaged control plants, mechanically damaged plants and the plants infested by BPH for 1 or 2 d emitted much lower amounts of volatiles compared to the plants infested by BPH for 3 or 5 d. The plants infested by BPH for 3 or 5 d emitted several volatiles that were not detected in undamaged control plants, mechanically damaged plants or the plants infested by BPH for 1 or 2 d. Spodoptera litura infested plants released much higher amounts of volatiles than those in all other treatments, and the contents of several green leaf volatiles, methyl salicylate and terpenoids increased dramatically. In dual-choice flight tunnel experiments, adult BPH females showed no significant preference between the untreated healthy plants and mechanically damaged plants or the plants infested by BPH adult females. However, rice plants damaged by S. litura had a clearly repellent effects on BPH adult females compared to healthy undamaged plants, mechanically damaged plants or the plants infested by BPH.     

Sex-specific volatile compounds influence microarthropod-mediated fertilization of moss

Sexual reproduction in non-vascular plants requires unicellular free-motile sperm to travel from male to female reproductive structures across the terrestrial landscape. Recent data suggest that microarthropods can disperse sperm in mosses. However, little is known about the chemical communication, if any, that is involved in this interaction or the relative importance of microarthropod dispersal compared to abiotic dispersal agents in mosses. Here we show that tissues of the cosmopolitan moss Ceratodon purpureus emit complex volatile scents, similar in chemical diversity to those described in pollination mutualisms between flowering plants and insects, that the chemical composition of C. purpureus volatiles are sex-specific, and that moss-dwelling microarthropods are differentially attracted to these sex-specific moss volatile cues. Furthermore, using experimental microcosms, we show that microarthropods significantly increase moss fertilization rates, even in the presence of water spray, highlighting the important role of microarthropod dispersal in contributing to moss mating success. Taken together, our results indicate the presence of a scent-based 'plant-pollinator-like' relationship that has evolved between two of Earth's most ancient terrestrial lineages, mosses and microarthropods.     

植物挥发性次生物质对昆虫的行为调控及其机制

植物挥发性次生物质是植物在代谢过程中产生的一些短链碳氢化合物及其衍生物，在植食性昆虫的寄主植物定位、交配、寻找合适的产卵场所、取食等行为调控中起重要作用，还可调节天敌寻找寄主等行为，以及作为植物的间接防御手段和昆虫外激素的协同素。综述植物挥发性次生物质对昆虫的行为调控及其作用机理，进一步分析植物挥发性次生物质在害虫防治中的发展前景。     

三种水稻挥发物对稻田节肢动物群落和嗅觉行为的影响

茉莉酸甲酯、水杨酸甲酯和芳樟醇是水稻受虫害诱导后产生的重要挥发物性物质。它们通过直接或间接的途径,参与植物抵抗病虫害的过程中。通过田间调查和昆虫触角电生理分析,对这3种挥发物在稻田节肢动物群落和嗅觉行为水平上的作用进行了研究。结果发现水杨酸甲酯对害虫的虫口密度影响较明显,晚稻田中,水杨酸甲酯组的害虫数量(14.42头/板)显著高于其余各处理组。赤眼蜂的嗅觉电位随芳樟醇和茉莉酸甲酯浓度的升高而显著增大,浓度为1/50时赤眼蜂嗅觉电位的变化值显著高于浓度为1/5000时嗅觉电位变化值。     

Construction of a new plant expression vector containing two insect resistant genes and its expression in transgenic tobacco plants

A new plant expression vector (pBS29K-BA) containing two insect resistant genes, a synthetic chimeric gene BtS29K encoding the activated insecticidal protein Cry1Ac and a gene API-BA encoding the arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia L.) proteinase inhibitor (API) A and B, is constructed. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing these two genes are obtained through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco leaf discs. The average expression levels of Cry1Ac and API-BA proteins in transgenic plants are of 3.2 μg and 4.9 μg per gram fresh leaf respectively. The results of insecticidal assay of transgenic plants indicate that the pBS29K-BA transformed plants are more resistant to insect damage than the plants expressing the Cry1Ac gene or API-BA gene alone.     

Herbivory: caterpillar saliva beats plant defences

Blood-feeding arthropods secrete special salivary proteins that suppress the defensive reaction they induce in their hosts. This is in contrast to herbivores, which are thought to be helpless victims of plant defences elicited by their oral secretions. On the basis of the finding that caterpillar regurgitant can reduce the amount of toxic nicotine released by the tobacco plant Nicotiana tabacum, we investigate here whether specific salivary components from the caterpillar Helicoverpa zea might be responsible for this suppression. We find that the enzyme glucose oxidase counteracts the production of nicotine induced by the caterpillar feeding on the plant.     

光肩星天牛对糖槭挥发物的EAG及嗅觉行为反应

[目的]分析影响光肩星天牛定位寄主的糖槭挥发物成分,解析挥发物在光肩星天牛搜寻和定位寄主过程中的作用,为光肩星天牛的综合防控提供依据.[方法]利用热脱附气质联用法(thermal desorption gas chromatog-raphy-mass spectrometry,TCT-GC-MS)分析鉴定糖槭挥发物组分...     

植物组织结构与抗虫性的关系(综述)

植物对植食性昆虫的防御体系包括组成防御体系和诱导防御体系两个方面,笔者从叶片、树皮、树干等不同部分论述了植物组织结构与抗虫性的关系,说明植物的物理、化学防御体系在植物的抗虫机制中起着重要的作用.     

Recruitment of entomopathogenic nematodes by insect-damaged maize roots

Plants under attack by arthropod herbivores often emit volatile compounds from their leaves that attract natural enemies of the herbivores. Here we report the first identification of an insect-induced belowground plant signal, (E)-beta-caryophyllene, which strongly attracts an entomopathogenic nematode. Maize roots release this sesquiterpene in response to feeding by larvae of the beetle Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, a maize pest that is currently invading Europe. Most North American maize lines do not release (E)-beta-caryophyllene, whereas European lines and the wild maize ancestor, teosinte, readily do so in response to D. v. virgifera attack. This difference was consistent with striking differences in the attractiveness of representative lines in the laboratory. Field experiments showed a fivefold higher nematode infection rate of D. v. virgifera larvae on a maize variety that produces the signal than on a variety that does not, whereas spiking the soil near the latter variety with authentic (E)-beta-caryophyllene decreased the emergence of adult D. v. virgifera to less than half. North American maize lines must have lost the signal during the breeding process. Development of new varieties that release the attractant in adequate amounts should help enhance the efficacy of nematodes as biological control agents against root pests like D. v. virgifera.     

植物源昆虫拒食剂的研究与应用前景

拒食剂可以定义为能抑制昆虫取食而不直接杀死它们的化合物。昆虫常继续留在经拒食剂处理的植物上并可能因饥饿而死。大部分植物依赖次生代谢物来防御植食性昆虫。各种研究表明协同进化的压力使植物越来越能抵抗昆虫的取食。大部分植物源拒食性次生性化合物可以分为倍半萜烯内酯类、异黄酮类、苦木素类和柠檬苦素类化合物４ 大类。虽然到目前为止关于结构与生物活性间关系方面尚未建立确实的规律,但结构与生物活性间关系的研究可以为了解发生在某些昆虫的膜受体水平上的分子过程提供线索,因而可以指导分离或合成高效拒食剂。昆虫感知拒食剂化合物可以通过刺激特定昆虫的特化的拒斥感器或者干扰接收诱食刺激化合物的神经元的正常功能实现。因为植物拒食剂是天然化合物,能在自然环境中很容易地被分解,较少环境污染,因而在ＩＰＭ 中具有重要的作用。为了开发出无公害新农药,需要进一步进行其作用机制、对环境的影响、结构与生物活性间关系、高效拒食剂的合成及田间试验等方面的研究。     

GC-MS 法分析姜属3种植物茎叶的挥发性成分

分析紫色姜、黄斑姜、圆瓣姜3种姜属植物茎叶的挥发性成分.建立了同时蒸馏萃取 GC-MS 法对这3种植物茎叶的挥发性成分进行了分析,并探讨了其挥发性成分的差异.从3种植物的茎叶中共分离鉴定了139个挥发性成分,主要是萜烯类及其含氧衍生物,但挥发性成分的组成有显著差异.3种姜属植物茎叶的挥发性成分非常丰富,其中,许多化学成分具有芳香性或药理药效活性,在香精香料或医疗领域具有潜在的应用价值.