利用声化方法对复杂乳化原油的破乳脱水研究

从理论上分析了超声波和化学方法联合破乳的可行性 ,并用实验方法验证了联合破乳脱水的效果。实验结果显示 ,化学破乳剂和超声波联合作用可以进一步提高原油的破乳脱水效率。在破乳剂最优用量的实验条件下 ,对乳化原油进行超声处理 30min ,沉降 3h ,脱水率可以达到 90 %以上。模拟现场脱水流程条件 ,利用该方法对常规方法不能有效破乳的聚合物驱及化学驱出液掺混稠油形成的复杂乳状液进行了破乳脱水试验。结果表明 ,声化联合破乳具有较高的脱水效率。     

酸化返排液/原油乳状液的破乳脱水研究

 酸化返排液与原油混合可形成稳定性强的乳状液,影响原油的脱水及原油沉降罐的安全运行.通过室内实验考察温度、破乳剂加量、pH 值及降黏剂加量对乳状液黏度和破乳效果的影响,并采用显微镜观察不同阶段乳状液微观形态变化.实验表明:酸化返排液与原油混合成的乳状液其黏度随温度升高先急剧下降,后平缓下降,在温度低于40℃时乳状液稳定性较强,温度50~60℃时,随着温度升高,乳状液脱水率上升幅度不大,综合选取破乳温度为50℃;添加破乳剂有利于降低乳状液黏度,但效果不明显,破乳剂加量越大,乳状液破乳效果越好,当破乳剂加量达到150 mg/L 后,随破乳剂用量加大,乳状液脱水率上升幅度不大,综合选取破乳剂加量为150 mg/L;调节酸化返排液pH 值至6.0～7.0 有利于乳状液破乳,pH 值越高,油水界面变得棱角分明,脱出水的原油结构更加紧密;加入降黏剂后,乳状液脱水速度明显加快.研究结论对指导油田酸化改造后,井口初期返出的乳状液实施破乳具有借鉴作用.     

稠油掺稀热化学脱水工艺参数优化

针对胜利稠油黏度较高、联合站稠油脱水能耗大的问题,对胜利油田某联合站稠油进行掺稀热化学脱水工艺参数的优化研究。通过破乳剂优选试验,对比10种常用原油破乳剂,选出脱水性能较好的水溶性原油破乳剂PR-929。研究掺稀比、脱水温度和破乳剂浓度等因素对稠油乳状液脱水效果的影响及其机制。结果表明：提高掺稀比和脱水温度均能改善乳状液脱水效果;随着破乳剂浓度的增加,乳状液脱水效果先增后减;在原油外输含水率低于2%和提高经济效益前提下,当掺稀比为1.0、脱水温度为80℃、破乳剂质量浓度为120 mg/L、沉降时间为24 h时,稠油掺稀热化学脱水效果最佳;优化后每年能节省费用约382.2万元。     

利用声化方法对复杂乳化原油的破乳脱水研究

从理论上分析了超声波和化学方法联合破乳的可行性，并用实验方法验证了联合破乳脱水的效果。实验结果显示，化学破乳剂和超声波联合作用可以进一步提高原油的破乳脱水效率。在破乳剂最优用量的实验条件下，对乳化原油进行超声处理30min，沉降3h，脱水率可以达到90％以上。模拟现场脱水流程条件，利用该方法对常规方法不能有效破乳的聚合物驱及化学驱出液掺混稠油形成的复杂乳状液进行了破乳脱水试验。结果表明，声化联合破乳具有较高的脱水效率。     

乳化原油破乳剂

综述了乳化原油破乳中使用的两类破乳剂，即油包水乳化原油破乳剂和水包油乳化原油破乳剂。重点介绍了它们的发展过程、重要的破乳剂、破乳机理和发展趋势。研究认为，一次采油和二次采油采出的乳化原油多是油包水乳化原油，其破乳剂主要是高分子非离子型表面活性剂．通过取代、聚结、增溶等机理起作用；三次采油采出的乳化原油多是水包油乳化原油，其破乳剂主要是表面活性剂和高分子，通过反应、取代、抵消、聚结等机理起作用，这两类破乳剂发展的总趋势是多成分复配使用。     

乳化原油破乳剂

综述了乳化原油破乳中使用的两类破乳剂，即油包水乳化原油破乳剂和水包油乳化原油破乳剂，重点介绍了它们的发展过程，重要的破乳剂，破乳机理和发展趋势，研究认为，一次采油和二次采油采出的乳化原油多是油包水乳化原油，其破乳剂主要是高分子非离子型表面活性剂，能过取代，聚结，增溶等机理起作用，三次膝油采出的乳化原油多是水包油乳化原油，其破乳剂主要是表面活性剂的高分子，通过反应，取代，抵消，聚结等机理起作用，这两     

原油破乳剂破乳的认识浅谈

原油乳状液的稳定性越强,破乳难度越大,给原油的脱水处理带来了很多问题。原油乳状液破乳的问题得到许多专家的分析研究,目前化学破乳剂破乳法被全国各大油田所广泛应用。但对于马北试采作业区而言破乳剂的研究还不够深入,仍然存在破乳剂种类单一,破乳剂破乳温度、用量不够准确等诸多问题。     

低聚季铵盐对聚驱采出水包油乳状液破乳机理

针对聚驱采出的高含水原油乳状液稳定性强、油水分离困难,采用瓶试法筛选出一类对含聚乳状液油水分离性能极好的破乳剂低聚季铵盐I,当I加量浓度为25mg/L时,55℃破乳进行到60min时,脱水率达96.5%,与常规的聚醚或多胺类破乳剂相比,乳状液脱出水色透明澄清,油水界面齐.通过光学显微镜、动态分析仪、接触角测量从微观和宏观分析研究了低聚季铵盐I对乳状液的作用机理.研究表明,相比常规的聚醚或多胺破乳剂,低聚季铵盐I对聚驱采出水包油乳状液油滴聚结速度更快;自由水层在油滴聚结分离区占主导作用的是不稳定机制,低聚季铵盐I使乳状液中油滴发生向上的迁移运动而非絮凝沉降,有利于脱出游离水的分离和水质的提高;接触角测量表明低聚铵盐I使乳状液处理的岩石表面转向水湿状态,对乳化膜的强润湿改变性能导致液膜破裂,油水分离.     

界面张力法评价原油破乳剂的性能

基于原油乳状液的稳定性与油水之间的界面张力息息相关,提出了一种破乳剂的性能评价方法。该方法通过测定油水相之间的界面张力来评定多种原油破乳剂的用量及性能;同时,通过瓶试法考察了这几种破乳剂产品的脱水性能,实验结果与界面张力法一致。该方法适宜于破乳剂的初期筛选,可以快速、高效的筛选出一批性能比较优异的破乳剂。     

破乳剂对含聚乳状液破乳及油水界面膜作用研究

采用界面张力仪、界面流变仪和微弱电特性分析仪研究了两种破乳剂对含聚乳状液油水界面张力、界面黏弹性和油膜破裂过程以及对乳状液破乳脱水效果的影响.结果表明:破乳剂顶替油水界面上的聚合物和天然活性物质吸附到界面,使界面黏弹性降低,界面膜变薄,最终导致膜破裂,乳状液破乳;破乳剂对油水界面黏弹性的影响表现出以弹性为主的特征,对含聚的水包油型乳状液的破乳,水溶性破乳剂更适合.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with