金属薄膜裂纹扩展的分子动力学研究

研究了冲击载荷作用下金属薄膜表面裂纹扩展的微观机制,采用分子动力学方法对Cu薄膜进行模拟计算,求得冲击载荷作用下带有表面裂纹模型的系统动能、应力、应变及微观结构变化图.当系统从压应力转变为拉应力状态时,裂纹上的原子获得较大动能,裂纹尖端原子开始发生溅射,继而晶格内部出现空位.当拉应力达到364385MPa时,空位扩大形成裂尖钝劈现象,裂纹发生扩展.结果表明:在高速冲击载荷作用下,金属薄膜裂纹扩展主要原因是系统能量和应力的变化使得微裂纹尖端出现钝劈损伤.     

解理断裂微观准则的研究

对三点弯曲预裂纹试样断口形貌、裂尖附近微孔及残留裂纹进行了观察,并用有限元方法计算了裂尖应力应变场。结果表明,解理点距裂尖存在一个最小距离,在此距离内三轴应力度过低,仅能形成微孔而不能形成解理微裂纹,RKR模型中表述的特征距离并不存在。最小韧性取决于在最小距离上满足解理所需的最小载荷。解理的临界事件是由启裂的第二相尺寸的微裂纹向周围基体的扩展。韧性值的分散和脆性粒子在裂央前的随机分布及微观解理断裂应力的波动有关。     

基于压缩载荷下微裂纹扩展的微观力学岩石弹塑性损伤模型研究

建立基于微裂纹扩展的岩石弹塑性损伤微观力学模型。压缩载荷下微裂纹尖端翼裂纹稳定扩展表征岩石的微观损伤,基于应变能密度准则用Newton迭代法求复合型断裂的翼裂纹扩展长度,并采用微裂隙统计的二参数Weibull函数模型反映绝对体积应变对微裂纹分布数目影响,进而用翼裂纹扩展所表征的应力释放体积和微裂纹数目来表示含有微裂隙的岩石损伤演化变量;宏观塑性屈服函数采用Voyiadjis等效塑性应变的硬化函数,反映塑性内变量对硬化函数的影响;建立岩石的弹塑性损伤本构关系及其数值算法,并用回映隐式积分算法编制弹塑性损伤模型的程序。分析弹塑性损伤模型的基本特性和围压对岩石损伤的影响,并从围压和短微裂隙长度等因素分析弹塑性损伤模型的岩石的损伤和宏观塑性特性。以2个单轴压缩岩石试验为例验证该模型。结果表明:所提出的弹塑性损伤模型与数值和试验结果比较吻合。     

脆性岩石应力-应变全过程声学特征演化规律

采用岩石加载系统获得脆性花岗岩单轴压缩全应力-应变曲线,同步测试声发射(AE)和超声波变化,研究应力-应变全过程AE特征、声波波速、波速各向异性及透射波频谱特征随岩石破裂的变化规律,并结合宏观变形和声学特征综合分析花岗岩破裂过程。研究结果表明:破裂全过程AE频谱表现出双峰值或多峰值特征,主频及振幅先增后减;起裂应力附近AE主频快速增大,损伤应力后高频大幅值AE信号数量快速增多,对应中尺度裂纹扩展,同时AE频带宽度增大,峰值应力附近低频大幅值AE急剧释放对应大尺度破裂发生;波速先增后减,波速各向异性逐渐增大,峰后段波速降低幅度超过40%;透射波频谱振幅和主频随着微裂纹的压密闭合而逐渐增大,并伴随裂纹的萌生扩展逐渐减小,且频谱幅值变化比波速和频谱主频的大;大幅值AE震源在峰值应力附近局部聚集成核;AE数量显著增加早于波速下降及宏观扩容发生,AE事件对裂纹萌生、扩展的敏感性比波速和宏观变形的大,但峰后卸载段宏观变形对裂纹扩展的响应比AE事件对裂纹扩展的响应大,这与峰后破坏模式相关。     

圆形缺口裂纹扩展的晶体相场模拟

【目的】研究初始缺口为圆形的样品在纵轴拉伸应力作用下起裂,并在样品裂纹扩展方向确定后,再加上横轴压力下裂纹的扩展情况。观察横轴压力对其扩展方向的影响,从而得出施加压力修复正在扩展的裂纹样品的模拟结果。【方法】使用晶体相场法(PFC)进行模拟,获得裂纹扩展的演变图。【结果】在纵轴拉应力条件下,应变在达到一定数值后圆形缺口开始发射位错和空位,位错向前运动;之后柏氏矢量相反的位错相遇并相互湮灭,没有湮灭的位错组合成位错对并产生裂纹;最后微裂纹之间、微裂纹与原始缺口之间相互合并。裂纹稳定地朝着横轴方向扩展,在此基础上施加横轴的压应力,发现左侧裂纹扩展方向发生两次改变,并往裂纹扩展方向发射位错。同时初始设置的圆形缺口也有形状变化,并往纵轴发射位错。【结论】晶体相场法能有效模拟晶体裂纹扩展的微观现象。     

脆性材料复合裂纹断裂判据研究

研究了混凝土等拉压强度不等的脆性材料在平面应力和平面应变情况下裂纹附近的塑性区的范围，并给出了相应的表达式；运用在一定外力作用下物体内等效应力作为断裂判据，推测含复合裂纹的脆性材料的裂纹扩展时的临界条件相扩展方向，计算了试件在6个不同裂纹角时断裂角的大小，其结果与最大周向正应力理论判据、最小应变能密度理论判据及实验结果比较，说明用最小等效应力作为含复合裂纹的脆性材料的裂纹断裂判据是可行的．     

含中心裂纹石墨烯拉伸性能的分子动力学模拟

基于分子动力学方法,采用Tersoff势函数,研究了含中心裂纹扶手椅型单层石墨烯薄膜的破坏过程.得到了相应的应力-应变曲线及破坏形态,分析了裂纹尺寸、应变率以及温度变化对含中心裂纹石墨烯薄膜拉伸力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:随着裂纹尺寸的增大及温度的升高,石墨烯薄膜的破坏强度和破坏应变均减小,裂纹开始扩展时对应的应力减小;随着应变率增大,石墨烯薄膜的破坏强度和破坏应变均增加,裂纹的起裂应力及扩展过程中的平均速度均增加;薄膜的破坏均是从中心裂纹附近开始,随着裂纹尺寸、应变率及温度的变化,石墨烯薄膜表现出不同的破坏机制;较高应变率作用下,薄膜中心和边缘处均出现C—C键断裂.     

三角缺口与圆形缺口起裂和裂纹扩展的晶体相场模拟

【目的】研究具有不同初始缺口的样品在单轴拉伸应变作用下裂纹起裂扩展的方式。【方法】采用晶体相场(PFC)法模拟不同缺口裂纹的扩展演化图及相应的应力分布。【结果】三角形裂口两侧裂纹起裂与扩展情况存在明显的差异,左侧裂口出现韧和脆两种类型的裂纹生长,而右侧的缺口是解理裂纹扩展;圆形裂口两侧的裂纹萌生,开始时表现为发射位错,然后形成空洞,随着裂纹进一步发展,逐渐转变为解理扩展。在应变施加初期,应变场强较弱,只在裂口附近有变化,形成二个环状的分布,在萌生裂纹的区域,出现应变集中。随着裂纹扩展,应变场环绕在裂纹周围,形成大的椭圆环状,在裂尖附近和位错区域,都存在应变集中。【结论】不同初始缺口对缺口起裂的时刻、方式和裂纹扩展有影响。     

双孔洞裂隙砂岩裂纹扩展特征试验与颗粒流模拟

基于尺寸为80mm×160mm×30mm的双孔洞裂隙长方体砂岩试样单轴压缩试验结果,分析了双孔洞裂隙砂岩裂纹扩展特征,建立了双孔洞裂隙砂岩宏观应力-应变曲线与裂纹扩展过程的关系.利用颗粒流模拟程序,基于试验结果进行细观参数校准,进一步研究了裂隙倾角对双孔洞裂隙试样力学参数及裂纹扩展特征的影响.与完整砂岩试样相比,双孔洞裂隙试样力学参数显著降低,但降低程度与裂隙倾角密切相关.随着裂隙倾角的增大,双孔洞裂隙试样峰值强度先减小后增大,弹性模量呈逐渐增加的趋势,而峰值应变呈非线性变化.完整试样呈轴向劈裂脆性破坏,而双孔洞裂隙试样首先在孔洞上下边缘及裂隙的尖端附近萌生初始裂纹,裂纹的扩展与贯通导致了试样最终失稳破坏.最后探讨了双孔洞裂隙试样裂纹扩展细观机制:首先在裂隙尖端附近和孔洞边缘形成应力集中区,应力提高导致颗粒间黏结断裂,产生微裂纹;在应力集中区转移过程中不断产生新的微裂纹,微裂纹的汇集形成宏观裂纹.     

不同应力下7B04铝合金的疲劳断口

采用金相、电镜扫描显微技术对不同应力下铝合金的疲劳断口显微组织进行分析和对比研究,揭示该合金疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展的微观特征。研究结果表明:疲劳裂纹一般在材料表面或近表面处萌生,与表面的距离随加载应力升高而减小,在应力为285MPa时裂纹于距表面约250μm处萌生,而在430MPa时裂纹萌生于材料表面;在裂纹源附近观察不到疲劳辉纹,且加载应力越高,这个区域的面积就越小,而裂纹扩展区的疲劳辉纹间距随应力的增大而增大;裂纹形成后,微裂纹沿着与应力轴呈45°角的最大切应力方向向纵深扩展,然后转向与拉应力轴正交的方向扩展,最后瞬断,且随着应力的增大,断口上疲劳裂纹扩展区的面积减小,瞬断区的面积增大。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that