癌症的研究策略与方法

癌症是一种严重威胁人类生命与健康的恶性疾病.目前还没有找到有效的方法来治愈癌症.从癌症的发现、治疗及预防史对癌症的产生原因、研究进程和治疗方法等进行综述,并提出了癌细胞很可能是高等动物细胞回复突变成"原始真核动物细胞"的理论.治疗癌症必须找出癌细胞与正常细胞在代谢、生长、繁殖及调控上的差异,从生命机理上理解癌症,从而达到根治的目的.     

电动汽车动力电池技术研究进展

 从锂离子电池材料技术、单体电池、电池系统等几个方面对锂离子动力电池的发展进行了评述。锰酸锂一般应用于轻型电动车辆,也可与三元材料混合提升新能源车辆用电池的安全性和倍率性能;磷酸铁锂适用于中等比能量要求的动力电池;三元材料通过材料、隔膜涂层和电池技术的改进提升安全性后适用于高比能量型电池;石墨负极目前仍然是广泛应用的负极材料,在碳负极材料中添加硅等高容量材料的努力仍在进行中,液体电解液在向高电压和宽工作温区方向发展;小圆柱电池、方形金属壳电池和软包电池各有特点,适应了多元化的电动汽车应用需求,国产制造设备技术水平持续提升,电池系统技术方面需要整车和电池方面合作努力以提升安全性和可靠性。锂离子动力电池是目前最具实用价值的动力电池,预期其比能量在不久的将来可提升至300 (W·h)/kg,满足新能源汽车产业未来10年的发展需求。     

高方平筛动力有限元分析及寿命评价

对8仓高方平筛进行了固有频率和动力响应计算,在对计算结果分析的基础上,提出了结构改进方案,并对改进结构进行了动力计算;基于计算结果对原结构和改进结构作了动态疲劳寿命评价;经实际使用验证,说明该文的动力有限元计算模型和动态疲劳寿命估算方法是可行的。     

Molecular basis of mechanosensory transduction

Mechanotransduction - a cell's conversion of a mechanical stimulus into an electrical signal - reveals vital features of an organism's environment. From hair cells and skin mechanoreceptors in vertebrates, to bristle receptors in flies and touch receptors in worms, mechanically sensitive cells are essential in the life of an organism. The scarcity of these cells and the uniqueness of their transduction mechanisms have conspired to slow molecular characterization of the ensembles that carry out mechanotransduction. But recent progress in both invertebrates and vertebrates is beginning to reveal the identities of proteins essential for transduction.     

目前内分泌研究进展

本文对传统内分泌腺之外的一些细胞和组织的内分泌功能作一概述，其中包括神经内分泌，胃肠道内分泌，血循环系统内分泌，免疫细胞内分泌及排泄系统内分泌，研究表明，人体所有的细胞事实上都具有产生激素的共同基因，都有合成和分泌激素的能力，只是他们在不同细胞表达的方式和数量不同而已。人们预言，内分泌功能是一切生命细胞最基本的特征之一，所有的细胞都具有内分泌功能。     

The p66shc adaptor protein controls oxidative stress response and life span in mammals

Gene mutations in invertebrates have been identified that extend life span and enhance resistance to environmental stresses such as ultraviolet light or reactive oxygen species. In mammals, the mechanisms that regulate stress response are poorly understood and no genes are known to increase individual life span. Here we report that targeted mutation of the mouse p66shc gene induces stress resistance and prolongs life span. p66shc is a splice variant of p52shc/p46shc (ref. 2), a cytoplasmic signal transducer involved in the transmission of mitogenic signals from activated receptors to Ras. We show that: (1) p66shc is serine phosphorylated upon treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or irradiation with ultraviolet light; (2) ablation of p66shc enhances cellular resistance to apoptosis induced by H2O2 or ultraviolet light; (3) a serine-phosphorylation defective mutant of p66shc cannot restore the normal stress response in p66shc-/- cells; (4) the p53 and p21 stress response is impaired in p66shc-/- cells; (5) p66shc-/- mice have increased resistance to paraquat and a 30% increase in life span. We propose that p66shc is part of a signal transduction pathway that regulates stress apoptotic responses and life span in mammals.     

复合型能源电池研究进展

 与摩擦纳米发电机（TENG）单纯收集环境机械振动能量相比,与TENG相结合的新型复合能源电池能够收集多种形式的能量,具有更宽的工作频率范围和更好的输出性能。近年来,复合型能源电池逐渐向小型化、便携化、智能化发展。分别从TENG与太阳能电池、电磁发电机、压电纳米发电机、多种类型发电机以及其他能源电池相结合等几个类别,综述了复合型能源电池在工作模式、结构、能量输出、应用等方面的研究进展,讨论了复合型能源电池面临的挑战。对其发展前景进行了展望,认为复合型能源电池需要进一步在集成化、大功率、长寿命等方面深入开展研究。     

原电池发展概况

Zn-MnO_2电池仍然是主要的商品电池,提高MnO_2的质量是改进Zn-MnO_2电池质量的关键之一。锂电池是近十多年中发展起来的高能电池,其中Li-MnO_2和Li-(CF_x)_n是两个比较好的系列。固体电解质电池有许多优点,可能是今后发展的一个方向。文中也谈到了银电池、热电池、空气电池。总的趋势是向着能密度高、体积小、容量大、无污染、易贮存等方向努力。     

Adult pancreatic beta-cells are formed by self-duplication rather than stem-cell differentiation

How tissues generate and maintain the correct number of cells is a fundamental problem in biology. In principle, tissue turnover can occur by the differentiation of stem cells, as is well documented for blood, skin and intestine, or by the duplication of existing differentiated cells. Recent work on adult stem cells has highlighted their potential contribution to organ maintenance and repair. However, the extent to which stem cells actually participate in these processes in vivo is not clear. Here we introduce a method for genetic lineage tracing to determine the contribution of stem cells to a tissue of interest. We focus on pancreatic beta-cells, whose postnatal origins remain controversial. Our analysis shows that pre-existing beta-cells, rather than pluripotent stem cells, are the major source of new beta-cells during adult life and after pancreatectomy in mice. These results suggest that terminally differentiated beta-cells retain a significant proliferative capacity in vivo and cast doubt on the idea that adult stem cells have a significant role in beta-cell replenishment.     

Cell-cycle checkpoints and cancer

All life on earth must cope with constant exposure to DNA-damaging agents such as the Sun's radiation. Highly conserved DNA-repair and cell-cycle checkpoint pathways allow cells to deal with both endogenous and exogenous sources of DNA damage. How much an individual is exposed to these agents and how their cells respond to DNA damage are critical determinants of whether that individual will develop cancer. These cellular responses are also important for determining toxicities and responses to current cancer therapies, most of which target the DNA.     

海洋浮游植物休眠期的生态学研究

休眠期是甲藻和硅藻抵御外界不利环境条件的一种有效的生理反应机制，也是许多赤潮藻生活史中的一个重要生活阶段．从生态分布、生态作用尤其是在赤潮生消过程中的作用等角度简述了海洋浮游甲藻和硅藻休眠期的生态学的研究情况，并对二者的生态学特征进行比较．甲藻孢囊和硅藻休止细胞在海洋沉积物中的丰度有明显差别，前者较后者具有更明显的季节性萌发能力．温度和光照是影响二者萌发的重要生态因子，温度是甲藻孢囊萌发不可或缺的因素，而光照是硅藻休止细胞萌发的触发因子．二者在种源策略和生态特征上的差异导致了不同的群落演替模式和引发藻华的机制．     

Transmission of the polyoma virus middle T gene as the oncogene of a murine retrovirus

Polyoma virus is a papovavirus that productively infects mouse cells. In cells of other species, such as rat cells, polyoma virus is virtually unable to replicate, and a small proportion of infected cells become stably transformed. The ability of polyoma virus to transform infected cells is determined by genes that encode the large, middle and small T antigens and which are found in the early region of the virus genome. We have inserted the transforming region of polyoma virus into a murine leukaemia virus (MLV) vector, to generate a replication-defective transforming retrovirus which for the first time allows efficient transformation of mouse cells by the polyoma virus middle T gene. During the life cycle of this recombinant virus the intervening sequence present in the original polyoma virus middle T gene was removed. The recombinant virus that we have constructed is analogous to other acutely transforming retroviruses, and demonstrates that the polyoma middle T gene is a dominant transforming oncogene.     

生命与死亡的界定研究

生物是有生命的生物体，换言之，生命与生物体不是一个东西。而现代科学对生命的定义更多是对生物体的定义，即把生命定义为生物，由此造成了对生命的本质研究不清楚。本研究发现，生命的本质不是生物体，而是以生物体为载体的生物电循环系统，生物电循环是生命的本质，也是生命与死亡界定的基础。根据生物电循环的层次，死亡分为三个层次即三个阶段，第一阶段是整体死亡，即当整体生物电循环终止，生命就终结，这个时期可以起死回生；第二阶段是器官细胞死亡，即器官细胞的静息电位与动作电位消失；第三阶段是分子死亡，即蛋白质的电荷被中和或消失，蛋白质就失去活性而死亡。随着生命生物电的发现，与结构相关的医学是生物医学，与生物电相关的医学才是生命医学，即生物电医学。     

Adhesion receptors of the immune system

The adhesive interactions of cells with other cells and with the extracellular matrix are crucial to all developmental processes, but have a central role in the functions of the immune system throughout life. Three families of cell-surface molecules regulate the migration of lymphocytes and the interactions of activated cells during immune responses.     

Somatic support cells restrict germline stem cell self-renewal and promote differentiation

Stem cells maintain populations of highly differentiated, short-lived cell-types, including blood, skin and sperm, throughout adult life. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate stem cell behaviour is crucial for realizing their potential in regenerative medicine. A fundamental characteristic of stem cells is their capacity for asymmetric division: daughter cells either retain stem cell identity or initiate differentiation. However, stem cells are also capable of symmetric division where both daughters remain stem cells, indicating that mechanisms must exist to balance self-renewal capacity with differentiation. Here we present evidence that support cells surrounding the stem cells restrict self-renewal and control stem cell number by ensuring asymmetric division. Loss of function of the Drosophila Epidermal growth factor receptor in somatic cells disrupted the balance of self-renewal versus differentiation in the male germline, increasing the number of germline stem cells. We propose that activation of this receptor specifies normal behaviour of somatic support cells; in turn, the somatic cells play a guardian role, providing information that prevents self-renewal of stem cell identity by the germ cell they enclose.     

永生细胞系,体细胞和生殖腺细胞中端粒酶活性检测

用TRAP法对来自人肺、乳腺和皮肤的恶性肿瘤永生细胞系．和该三种组织来源的正常体细胞,及正常卵巢和睾丸组织进行了端粒酶活性检测。结果发现,三种永生细胞系和卵巢与睾丸组织中均可测到端粒酶活性,而三种组织来源的体细胞不能测到;提示端粒酶可能对恶性肿瘤细胞永生化、生物种系正常繁衍,和正常体细胞的衰老与寿命起着重要的决定作用。     

细胞状态观点的提出及其生命科学意义

认识真正的"生命"须以活细胞为基础,但目前大多数研究多采用破坏性的做法。本文提出的细胞状态观点,从新的角度、用新的方式揭示和表达了生命的规律。主要内容可展示为:1个公式,即细胞状态公式;3张示意图,即几种典型的细胞类型及相互间的关系、细胞状态在生命及其物质体系中的地位与作用、不同状态细胞的海豚图式分布。这不仅使植物组织和细胞培养突破了经验的局限,走向可预测、可推理的水平,而且对认识衰老、癌变等复杂问题,破解动物克隆、干细胞培养中的难题,以及指导人类保健等有独特的作用,为从完整、动态、多层次、多尺度水平研究生命提供了新的方法与思路。     

Thymic cortical epithelial cells can present self-antigens in vivo

Antigens present during neonatal life are recognized as self and individuals are tolerant to these antigens. In normal individuals T cells are tolerant to most self proteins but we still know little of the mechanism(s) by which tolerance is established. A requisite part of the current negative selection model of self tolerance is the expression of self proteins complexed with major histocompatibility complex molecules in the thymus. As MHC proteins bind antigens and present them to the receptor on the antigen-specific T cell, then for tolerance to self to occur, it is possible that each self protein must be processed and presented by an MHC molecule. As a result of the development of a unique T-cell hybrid reactive to the self protein murine haemoglobin, we have shown that in normal animals this self protein is continuously processed and potentially presented in an MHC-restricted manner. Here we show that self haemoglobin is being processed and presented by thymic antigen-presenting cells as early as gestational day 14. We also demonstrate that three types of thymic stromal cells, namely macrophages, dendritic cells and cortical epithelial cells, can present the haemoglobin self antigen in vivo. This surprising presentation of a self antigen by thymic cortical epithelial cells implies that they could be involved in T-cell development and negative selection.     

Endospore abundance, microbial growth and necromass turnover in deep sub-seafloor sediment

Two decades of scientific ocean drilling have demonstrated widespread microbial life in deep sub-seafloor sediment, and surprisingly high microbial-cell numbers. Despite the ubiquity of life in the deep biosphere, the large community sizes and the low energy fluxes in this vast buried ecosystem are not yet understood. It is not known whether organisms of the deep biosphere are specifically adapted to extremely low energy fluxes or whether most of the observed cells are in a dormant, spore-like state. Here we apply a new approach--the D:L-amino-acid model--to quantify the distributions and turnover times of living microbial biomass, endospores and microbial necromass, as well as to determine their role in the sub-seafloor carbon budget. The approach combines sensitive analyses of unique bacterial markers (muramic acid and D-amino acids) and the bacterial endospore marker, dipicolinic acid, with racemization dynamics of stereo-isomeric amino acids. Endospores are as abundant as vegetative cells and microbial activity is extremely low, leading to microbial biomass turnover times of hundreds to thousands of years. We infer from model calculations that biomass production is sustained by organic carbon deposited from the surface photosynthetic world millions of years ago and that microbial necromass is recycled over timescales of hundreds of thousands of years.