吸收器降膜和滴状吸收过程数值模拟分析

针对以溴化锂水溶液为工质的水平管吸收器，考虑润湿比、变膜厚和横向对流作用，建立了描述管表面的降膜流动和管间滴状吸收传热传质耦合过程的数学模型，采用涡量一流函数法进行数学模型求解。根据数值计算结果，分析了溶液温度、浓度和吸收速率沿管排不同位置和水平管管问的变化，以及溶液喷淋密度和进口浓度对吸收器整体传热传质性能的影响。结果表明，提高喷淋密度可以改善吸收器传热性能，提高溶液进口浓度可改善传质性能，滴状吸收过程约占总吸收量的20％。与实验数据的对比说明建立的数学模型是合理的。     

无泵溴化锂吸收式制冷机二次发生器的实验研究

在太阳能无泵溴化锂吸收式制冷系统降膜吸收器、降膜蒸发器、弦月形热虹吸提升管、冷凝器等主要部件的基础上，设计了一套二次发生器，有效地降低了热源温度（最低启动温度为68℃，稳定运行温度范围为80-93℃），提高了太阳能的利用率．二次发生器在提高系统冷凝器与蒸发器间压差的同时，使系统能在较低的溶液初始质量分数范围（46%～54%）下运行，放气范围可达6%，吸收率是二次发生器关闭时的3倍，有助于提高吸收器性能；冷剂水产量提高，是相应未开二次发生装置时冷剂水产量的1．68倍，蒸发效果明显改善；随着加热水温度和吸收器浓溶液温度的升高，吸收器冷却水温差和冷媒水温差均增大，冷媒水出口温度降低，改善了制冷系统的整体运行性能，平均制冷系数可达0．725．     

吸收器降膜和滴状吸收过程数值模拟分析

针对以溴化锂水溶液为工质的水平管吸收器,考虑润湿比、变膜厚和横向对流作用,建立了描述管表面的降膜流动和管间滴状吸收传热传质耦合过程的数学模型,采用涡量流函数法进行数学模型求解。根据数值计算结果,分析了溶液温度、浓度和吸收速率沿管排不同位置和水平管管间的变化,以及溶液喷淋密度和进口浓度对吸收器整体传热传质性能的影响。结果表明,提高喷淋密度可以改善吸收器传热性能,提高溶液进口浓度可改善传质性能,滴状吸收过程约占总吸收量的20%。与实验数据的对比说明建立的数学模型是合理的。     

水平管降膜蒸发器温度损失的计算与分析

为了研究降膜蒸发管束阻力造成的压降及其对传热的影响,以降膜蒸发器内广泛应用的正三角排列管束为物理模型,采用由实验数据拟合出来的压降系数,计算了压降对应的温度损失,分析了蒸汽产率、饱和温度、管列数和喷淋密度对蒸发温度损失的影响。结果表明:温度损失随喷淋密度、管列数和蒸汽产率的增加而升高,随饱和温度的升高而减小;在相同的蒸汽质量流量下,45℃蒸汽的温度损失是70℃时的6倍,而喷淋密度为0.08kg/(m·s)时的温度损失约是0.02kg/(m·s)时的2倍;大型降膜蒸发器内管束区内的温度损失随管列数的增加呈现抛物线型升高。为保证各效蒸发器的传热效率,提出每一效蒸发器温度损失都相等的等温度损失设计思想,其对低温多效蒸发器的设计具有指导意义。     

热管式降膜吸收器波动降膜传热传质过程模拟

对第二类吸收热泵热管式降膜吸收器溶液降膜吸收传热传质并通过热管移出吸收热的过程进行了数值研究．根据所求得的波动膜流解及建立的数学模型，通过求解热管加热段外壁面溶液波动降膜传递方程和热管传热方程，研究了膜雷诺数、低位余热温度、输出热温度及降膜波动等因素对传热传质过程的影响，并与平滑膜进行了比较．     

摇摆状态下TFE/NMP降膜吸收试验研究

建立了摇摆振动单管吸收试验台，对具有新型工质对TFE／NMP吸收式制冷系统中的核心部件——吸收器在不同溶液体积流量、摇摆振动频率和幅度条件下进行降膜吸收试验．通过对试验数据的处理和分析可以看出，在渔船常见的摇摆振动条件下，降膜吸收器的热、质传递优于静态下的情形，且适当提高摇摆频率或减小摇摆幅度亦有利于降膜吸收效果的改善．     

基于两相流EWF模型蒸发式空冷器数值模拟

建立了8排蒸发式空冷器管束三维模型,在恒壁温边界条件下,在管束表面施加质量源项模拟喷淋液膜,采用Eulerian Wall Film (EWF)模型与Mixture Species Transport模型耦合来研究蒸发式空冷液膜与空气间热质传递。数值模拟得到的空气出口温度、含湿量的数据与试验数据的误差分别为-0.67%～-0.98%、-4.95%～2.29%。比较了不同喷淋流量下管束表面液膜质量分布,小喷淋流量下液膜主要分布在管壁下半部分,随着喷淋水流量增加,管壁液膜分布趋于均匀,管排水膜温度由上至下先增加后减小。由于空气在管束背风面的流速较低,形成较高含湿量与温度三角区域。数值模拟得到的水膜与空气间的传质系数比试验值小,误差为-8.00%～-9.30%。揭示了蒸发式空冷器热质传递机理,为蒸发式空冷器设计改造提供了理论基础。     

撞击流浓缩器蒸发能力的实验研究

采用蔗糖水溶液作为试验溶液,通过改变空气进口温度、液气质量流量之比、液滴加速管的长度等对撞击流浓缩器(ISC)的蒸发能力进行了研究。研究结果表明ISC的蒸发能力随空气进口温度的升高、液气比的减小而提高;在ISC中宜使用较短的加速管。     

水平管间溴化锂溶液滴状降膜流动分析

对溴化锂溶液在水平管间的实际液滴流动过程进行了记录分析,以改进目前滴状降膜吸收数值模型中的理想化球形液滴假设.使用高速摄像机,对16 mm管间距下溴化锂溶液滴状流动过程进行了拍摄.采用图像边缘识别技术、样条拟合和二维曲线旋转积分方法,得到了液滴表面积和体积关于时间的变化关系.根据液滴的发展特点,将管间液滴形成划分为悬垂拉伸、不稳定液柱和破裂降落3个阶段,据此提出了不同溶液流量下液滴形成的预测模型.管间液滴表面积和体积发展的预测曲线与实测结果吻合较好.该模型可以在滴状降膜传热传质数值计算中得到应用.     

水平管降膜换热器性能规律研究进展

水平管降膜换热器具有热质传递效率高、阻力小、结构简单等优点，被广泛应用于化工等传统领域及能源利用的节能减排领域。降膜换热器内部发生复杂的流动及传热传质相互耦合过程。介绍了实验及模拟研究手段的进展，综述了不同操作参数（气体温度、流向及流量，溶液流量、温度及浓度，内部媒介流量及温度等）与结构参数（管径、管间距等）对水平管降膜管间流型、液膜厚度与润湿性等流动特性的影响规律，以及对蒸发传热特性、吸收传热传质特性等换热器性能的影响规律，包括整体性能和局部微细特征，为水平管降膜换热器的性能优化提供理论支撑。指出在不同气流特征以及多因素相互作用下多维度的局部流动与传热传质性能的耦合影响规律以及强化换热手段会是水平管降膜换热器未来研究的重点方向。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that