文学翻译的程序和原则

翻译是什么?Dr Johnson,给翻译定义为:“To translate is to change into omother language.netaingng as much of the sense as one can”.(翻译就是一种语言译成另一种语言,尽量保存其原意。)他又说:“A translatoc must te a master of two hanguages, ldis mactery must not te of the some sovt in toth tongues.tos his kwovolledge of the hoiaign tanguage must te cictiral while that of this ovon must he practical.”(翻译者必须通晓两种语言,对两种语言的通晓法不同,他对外语的知识必须是批评的,而对本族语的知识就必须是实用的。)Dr Iohneson所说的对外语知识要带批评性(critical),对本族语的知识,要能实际运用(practical),这就是翻译的原则,灵魂和指南,也是从事翻译工作者努力的方向。     

Carbon dioxide: A new material for energy storage

Though carbon dioxide is the main green house gas due to burning of fossil resource or miscellaneous chemical processes,we propose here that carbon dioxide be a new material for energy storage.Since it can be the key to find the solution for three critical issues facing the world:food ecosystems,the greenhouse issue and energy storage.We propose to identify the carbon recovery through a circular industrial revolution in the first part,and in the second part we present the starting way of three business plants to do that from industrial examples.By pointing out all the economic constraints and the hidden competitions between energy,water and food,we try to qualify the phrase "sustainable development" and open the way of a huge circular economy.     

Land Use Change and Its Impact on Values of Ecosystem Services in the West of Jilin Province

0IntroductionThe services of ecological systems and thenatural capital stocks that produce themare critical to the functioning of the Earth’slife-support system.They contribute to humanwelfare,both directly andindirectly,thereforeecosystemservices represent part of the totaleconomic value of the planet[1].Ecosystemservices can be divided into two major catego-ries,one is systemfunction and the other issystem services and goods provision,whichprovide not only materials such as food andmedicine…     

Role of step-shape structures and critical failure bubble volume in micro bubble constraint

Micro fluid devices using micro bubbles have attracted much attention for their special advantages.In many cases,the bubbles must be constrained to a certain position so as to grow or shrink under control.In this paper,we discuss the effect of step-shape structures in constraining bubbles against the surface force,which plays a dominant role on the micro scale.We fabricate specimens with a step and electrodes and carry out electrolysis experiments in water to observe bubble growth.We observe the constraining effect of steps as well as failure phenomena.Based on numerical simulations and theoretical analysis,we introduce the critical failure bubble volume and present the analytic solution in a 2-D model.Using step-shape structures is an easy method of constraining bubbles within the critical failure volume.     

3-D Animation as Applied to the Solving of Coupling Relations in the 6-DOF Parallel Robot

How to solve the coupling relations in a 6 - DOF parallel robot quickly and accurately within the limits of realtime control is a critical problem. In traditional analytic method, the complicated mathematical model must first be constructed and then solved by programming. Obviously, this method is not very practical. This paper, therefore, proposes a new way of approach with a new method using 3-D animation for the solving of coupling relations in the 6 - DOF parallel' robot. This method is much simpler and its solving accuracy approaches that of the more complicated analytic method.     

The Synthesis of a Stewart Platform for a Specific Workspace with a Genetic Algorithm

The synthesis problem of a 6-SPS Stewart platform with semi-regular hexagons is studied in this paper. We present a genetic algorithm approach to synthesize a Stewart platform whose workspace must include a desired workspace with orienting capabilities in a given 3D region. Based on the observation that the constant orientation workspace gets smaller as the given orientations increase, a simple method is presented to describe the workspace with orienting capabilities, which need only search the constant orientation workspaces with the eight sets of extremal orientations of given 3D region and use their common part To verify the method, a numerical example is given. The GA is used to optimize architectural parameters and obtain a compact manipulator. The method is applied to synthesize a Stewart platform whose workspace must include a prescribed cylinder with orienting capabilities.     

The Terrible Effect of Allan Poe's "The Fall of the House of Usher"

This paper introduces Allan Poe's principle for the short story,especially the terrible effect of "The Fall of the House of Usher". The paper mainly includes four parts. The first part describes three neurotic characters in the story. The second part describes the supernatural terror. The third part uses artistic methods such as painting,music and poetry to pursue the terrible effect. The fourth part uses stagecraft to purse the terrible effect. Readers can understand Allan Poe's writing style for terror through reading the paper.     

A 6-GHz ROM suitable for DDFS application in GaAs HBT technology

Read-only memory (ROM) is widely implemented as a phase-to-amplitude mapping block in direct digital frequency synthesizers (DDFS).This paper derives an equivalent model for the ROM in a DDFS to analyze and reduce the access time that is critical to the performance of the DDFS.Moreover,the signal skew observed in the simulation waveform is illustrated.The proposed 64×3-bit ROM is integrated as a part of an 8-bit DDFS,which operates functionally at 6 GHz.Measurement results demonstrate the improvement in the spur free dynamic range.     

Experimental observation of deep crust fluid-NaCl aqueous solution at elevated temperatures and pressures and its significance

In order to reveal the nature of deep crust fluids, the phase relations of NaCI-saturat-ed solution at high temperatures and pressures in a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) are investigated. Salinity of the solutions observed is about 35%-50% . The temperatures for the observation range from 25 to 850℃ and the pressures from 1 atm to about 1 GPa. A supercritical single phase, liquid phase (L), vapor phase (V), solid phase (H), L+H, H + V+L and the near-critical phases L + V can be observed. A two-phase (L + V) immiscibility field for the NaCI solution has been discovered to lie in a wide range of temperatures and pressures: from 250( ±3) to 721℃. Within this field there are two parts, where the upper high temperature part of the two-phase regions is very unstable in character. It is possible to observe a "critical phenomenon". In some of our experiments an "explosion" almost constantly occurred at the interface between the liquid and vapor phases, making the interface obscure, and a continuous transition between the two phases could be found. By a visual microscope it was found that in the two-phase immiscible field near to the critical state the vapor phase and liquid phase compose a crystal structure geometry. It is a special solution structure that was found under a microscope. This discovery is important for us to understand the reason of increasing electronic conductivity of NaCI aqueous solution with respect to temperatures and pressures. And also, it will be easy to interpret the variation of electronic conductivity in the earth crust.     

Study of Adaptive Learning for Online Education

Although the World Wide Web is now accessible almost everywhere, on - line instruction is not catching on so rapidly. In large part this is because courses must be assembled manually and cannot be adapted easily to individual student needs. The article points out that with the development of ww\v and computer technology, adaptive learning is necessary and possible for online education. Construction of adaptive program is described and some teaching strategies for adaptive learning is proposed.     

Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics to analysis of metallurgical process for continuous casting tundishes

A series of simulations by mathematical and physical modeling on fluid flow, mass and heat transfer in continuous casting tundishes have been carried out. It was found by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation that in most cases tundish flow must be treated as a non-isothermal reactor due to the existence of temperature difference between the transport ladle and the tundish.The critical conditions when the non-isothermal flow in the tundish can not be neglected have been found by CFD simulation and water modeling. A direct measurement in a 40 t tundish has confirmed the simulation results.     

Implementing Operating System Support for Extended Trusted Path in TPM-Capable Environments

Trusted path is one of the crucial features that operating systems must provide for fundamental security support. In order to explore the possibility of implementing a trusted path mechanism with the support of trusted platform module （TPM） technologies, and to support TPM capabilities in operating systems, the paper extended the scope of the conventional trusted path to cover the situation in which a user communicates with software residing on a remote host. The paper combined the concept of operating system support for trusted path with that for TPM platforms, and proposed the architecture of an extended trusted path mechanism in operating system with considerations on TPM-capable platforms support. As part of the author＇s research in secure operating systems, the work of the paper was carried out with Linux as an experimental prototype system. The research result shows that TPM capabilities can strengthen extended trusted path mechanisms of operating systems.     

FRACTIONAL INTEGRALS OF PERIODIC FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES AND THE APPROXIMATION BY TRIGONOMETRICAL POLYNOMIALS

The present paper is divided into three parts. In part I, the concept of fractional integration in the sense of Weyl is introduced. In part Ⅱ, several theorems concerning the proparties of fractional integrals are established. In the last part we consider the approximation of functions of two variables by trigonometrical polynomials.     

An analytical model for the prediction of cross-section profile and mean roll radius in alloy bar rolling

In a round-oval-round pass rolling sequence, the cross-section profile of an outgoing workpiece was predicted first after getting the maximum spread. The concept "critical point on the contact boundary" was proposed and the coordinates of the critical point were solved. The equivalent contact section area was represented and the mean roll radius was determined. The validity of this model was examined by alloy bar rolling experiment and rigid-plastic FEM simulation. Compared with the existing models, the mean roll radius obtained by this model is similar to experiment data.     

A Critical Realistic Masterpiece of Mark Twain ——The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

In mid and late 19th century, appeared a new literary trend-critical realism. The critical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits（characteristics） of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. Mark Twain is one of the greatest representatives of critical realists. All the critical realistic features can be found in his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This essay is devoted to analyze the critical realistic elements of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.     

Determination of the critical nucleation frequency in undercooled metal melt

By studying the effect of thermodynamic and kinetic factors on the nucleation frequency of under cooled metals, the expressions for heterogeneous and homogenous critical nucleation frequencies have been established. The results show that the homogenous critical nucleation frequency per unit volume is directly proportional to the ratio of the cooling rate to the volume of liquid metal. As the value of the equilibrium contact angle function f(θ) of the most effective catalyst is constant, the heterogeneous critical nucleation frequency per unit area of the catalyst surface is di rectly proportional to the ratio of the cooling rate to the sum of the surface area of the most effective catalyst surface ( Rc/ VSv). When Rc/VSv is constant, the heterogeneous critical nucleation frequency per unit area of the catalyst surface is inversely proportional to f(θ)0.53; the critical nucleation frequency per unit continuous mass of the metal melt for both the homogenous and heterogeneous nucleation can be expressed in terms of a general formula. The critical nucleation fre quency is slightly influenced by the nature of the metal. The obtained theoretical result agrees well with the homogenous critical nucleation frequency estimated by Turnbull.     

Interaction of Stathmin-Like 2 Protein with the APP Intracellular Domain

Amyloid precursor protein （APP） plays a critical role in the formation of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）. The intracellular domain APP （AID） was suggested to cause neurotoxicity in the nucleus. To investigate the functions AID, yeast two-hybrid screening was performed to identify the proteins which interact with AID. The human brain cDNA library was screened using pGBKT7-AID as a bait, and several positive clones were identified. One of them encodes a part of the human stathmin-like 2 protein （STMN2）. The interaction between STMN2 and APP implies that STMN2 may have an important function in APP-mediated AD formation.     

Impaired auditory sensorimotor gating： An animal model of schizophrenia

Establishment of animal models of schizophrenia is critical for both understanding the mechanisms underlying this severe mental disease and developing new antipsychotics. This paper starts from the theoretical root of sensory gating, the 損rotection-of-processing? theory, then thoroughly describes the representative studies over the past decade on the mechanism underlying prepulse inhibition and on those underlying modulation of prepulse inhibition, which is the normal startle suppression caused by the weak stimulus preceding the intense startling stimulus. The main methods for inducing prepulse inhibition deficits in experimental animals include: ⅰ) modulations of neuro- transmission that are closely associated with schizophrenia; ⅱ) focal lesions or pharmacological manipulations of brain structures in the cortico-striato-pallido-pontine circuit; and ⅲ) maternal deprivation or social isolation. Six essential topics for studies in modeling schizophrenia are suggested at the last part of this review.     

Distortional Properties of the Bijective Pattern Map (Part II: Change of Reference)

This is the part n of the study of distortion property of the Bijective Pattern Map maps. In part I, the generic distortion was presented. In this article, the distortion using different set of reference points and pre - image is compared with the result in part I. Moreover, the distortion induced by a change of reference is illustrated with examples. The formulation of the relationship between the distortion and the Gaussian curvature will be followed.     

Water content in the early Cretaceous lithospheric mantle beneath the south-central Taihang Mountains: implications for the destruction of the North China Craton

Based on studies of the water content of the early Cretaceous Feixian high-magnesium basalts in the eastern part of the North China Craton （NCC）, it has been suggested that the early Cretaceous lithospheric mantle of the eastern NCC was highly hydrous （〉1,000 ppm, HeO wt.） and that this high water content had significantly reduced the vis- cosity of the lithospheric mantle and provided a prerequisite for the destruction of the NCC. The eastern part of the NCC had undergone multistage subduction of oceanic plates from the south, north, and east sides since the early Paleozoic, and these events may have caused the strong hydration of the NCC lithospheric mantle. To determine which subduction had contributed most to this hydration, we measured the water contents of the peridotite xenoliths hosted by the early Cretaceous high-magnesium diorites of Fushan in the south- central part of the Taihang Mountains. Our results demon- strate that the water content of the early Cretaceous litho- spheric mantle beneath the south part of the Taihang Mountains was ~ 40 ppm and significantly lower than that of the contemporary lithospheric mantle beneath the eastern part of the NCC. Thus, the hydration of the early Cretaceous lithospheric mantle of the eastern part of the NCC can be ascribed to the subduction of the Pacific plate from the west side. Thus, the main dynamic factor in the destruction of the NCC was likely the subduction of the Pacific plate.