淫羊藿甙对小鼠同种异基因皮片移植的影响

目的:研究淫羊藿甙(ICA)对小鼠同种异基因皮片移植的影响.方法:试验分为腹腔注射生理盐水、ICA、环孢素A(CsA)以及CsA与ICA联用4组,5 d后将C57BL/C小鼠的背部皮片移植到BALB/c小鼠的相同位置,用眼科缝合线缝合,观察皮片愈合情况并记录皮片外观性状、排斥时间,于第11天取移植皮片做病理石蜡切片,取淋巴结细胞和脾细胞做增殖实验(CFDA-SE染色).结果:CsA+ICA联用能够延长皮片排斥时间,使皮片愈合得更好,胸腺和脾脏指数均比单独CsA组高,切片显示浸润的炎症细胞也较少,其淋巴结细胞增殖能力明显降低.结论:CsA与ICA联合能抑制移植造成的免疫排斥反应,可能是通过抑制受体小鼠的反应性T细胞的活化增殖来降低细胞免疫反应.     

p53对STK11的转录调控研究

PJ综合征(Peutz-Jeghers syndrome)是一种常染色体显性遗传疾病.其致病基因所编码的蛋白质为一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(STK11).STK11可以激活AMPK,p53等多条信号通路.文中在克隆了STK11的基本启动子区域基础上,用生物信息学分析预测该区域内可能存在p53结合位点和Sp1结合位点.EMSA结果证实了信息学分析的预测.Sp1结合位点核心碱基定点突变后,其PGL3重组突变体质粒萤光素酶活性下降1.9倍;p53结合位点核心碱基的定点突变后,PGL3重组突变体质粒萤光素酶活性下降14.6倍,均有统计学意义.利用内源表达STK11的L02细胞株,瞬时转染pcDNA3.1-myc-his-B(-)-p53,经Real-time PCR和Western blotting检测发现,p53过表达可以上调STK11的表达,因此p53对STK11的表达有正反馈调节放大作用.     

黄腐酚逆转B16-F10黑色素瘤细胞恶性表型

本研究从体外增殖、细胞周期分布、克隆形成和迁移能力、黑色素合成以及糖酵解水平等考察了黄腐酚(XN)对B16-F10高转移潜能小鼠黑色素瘤细胞恶性表型的影响。结果表明，XN明显抑制B16-F10细胞增殖、克隆形成和体外迁移，阻滞细胞周期于G0/G1期，并上调细胞黑色素合成水平。同时发现XN下调B16-F10细胞的葡萄糖摄取，降低乳酸脱氢酶和己糖激酶活性及NAD⁺/NADH比率，下调缺氧诱导因子1(HIF-1α)和沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1(SIRT1)表达。另外，XN明显延长荷B16-F10黑色素瘤小鼠生存期。总之，本研究表明XN逆转B16-F10黑色素瘤恶性表型，并发挥抗肿瘤增殖和转移活性，或与其调控肿瘤糖代谢效应相关。     

HeLa细胞中激酶NUAK1调控Tuberiun的磷酸化

NUAK1是LKB1的下游激酶之一,可被LKB1磷酸化而激活,但对其在LKB1相关信号通路中的功能仍缺乏了解.本研究发现在HeLa细胞中重建LKB1表达后NUAK1与tuberin蛋白免疫共沉淀,提示在野生型LKB1存在时NUAK1与tuberin可能存在直接相互作用.进一步的激酶活性测定和in vivo蛋白磷酸化实验表明:在HeLa细胞中葡萄糖匾乏条件下,野生型LKB1可显著激活NUAK1的激酶活性;而被激活的NUAK1可明显提高tuberin 的磷酸化水平,使用NUAK1 siRNA pool干扰NUAK1的表达则几乎将tuberin的磷酸化水平降低为零.上述结果表明NUAK1可能介导了LKB1对tuberin磷酸化的调节,进而下调mTOR通路,抑制蛋白质合成与细胞生长增殖.     

线粒体lncRNA IDL影响非小细胞肺癌氧化磷酸化

为了探究线粒体长链非编码RNA(mitochondrial long non-coding RNA,mtlncRNA)IDL在人非小细胞肺癌细胞(human non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)代谢和生长中的作用及机制，本研究首先在A549细胞中通过线粒体压力测试发现敲低IDL会导致细胞的氧化磷酸化功能受损，接着通过细胞增殖实验、划痕实验和克隆形成实验，证明了敲低IDL时人非小细胞肺癌细胞A549和H1299的生长速度变慢、迁移能力和克隆形成能力减弱.随后通过RNA沉降实验(RNA pull-down)和RNA免疫沉淀实验(RIP)找到了在体内外均可以与IDL特异性结合的蛋白——ATP合成酶α亚基，即ATP5A1蛋白，并通过免疫共沉淀实验(Co-IP)证明了IDL下调会导致ATP5A1蛋白的O-GlcNAc修饰水平增加，在A549细胞中敲低ATP5A1也得到了与敲低IDL时一致的细胞表型.以上结果说明敲低IDL会导致非小细胞肺癌细胞氧化磷酸化功能受损、细胞生长受抑制.     

空间环境对黑色素瘤B16细胞体内增殖及免疫原性的影响

初步探讨空间环境对黑色素瘤B16细胞增殖及免疫原性的影响。选择4株经体外实验筛选出生物学性状变异明显的第20颗返回式卫星搭载的空间培养B16细胞,检测其体内增殖能力及免疫原性的变化。将筛选出的4株空间培养B16细胞接种于C57BL/6小鼠,其中一组接种于腹腔,观察荷瘤小鼠生存期;另一组接种于腋下皮肤,检测小鼠出瘤时间。接种至2周时,处死,分离荷瘤小鼠移植瘤和血清。称重荷瘤小鼠移植瘤,观察空间培养B16细胞增殖能力;利用HE染色法观察荷瘤小鼠移植瘤切片细胞形态;采用放射免疫分析法(Radioimmunoassay,RIA)测定荷瘤小鼠血清白介素-2(InterLeukin-2,IL-2)浓度,观察空间培养B16细胞免疫原性变化情况。与对照细胞相比,1株空间培养B16细胞的荷瘤小鼠生存期明显缩短,出瘤时间明显延长。HE结果显示:此株空间培养B16肿瘤组织内有淋巴细胞浸润;RIA结果显示:3株空间培养B16细胞荷瘤小鼠血清IL-2浓度明显增加。空间环境的复合因素可诱导B16细胞增殖能力及免疫原性产生变化。     

DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱβ结合蛋白1（TopBP1）磷酸化功能位点推测及功能分析

为阐明DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱβ结合蛋白1(TopBP1)参与DNA损伤修复应答的分子机制，本研究通过生物信息学分析，发现多个潜在的TopBP1磷酸化位点T860，S887，T1104及T1167，利用分子生物学手段从人cDNA文库中扩增并获得TopBP1克隆质粒，将上述磷酸化位点突变为丙氨酸，观察突变质粒转染细胞对DNA损伤修复的应答反应. 结果显示，在粒子射线照射或化疗药物处理细胞后，第1104丙氨酸突变（T1104A） 的TopBP1蛋白导致pRPA32-S33的磷酸化水平大幅降低，同时细胞周期检验点失活，严重阻滞了DNA应激反应，证实T1104是TopBP1参与DNA损伤修复的关键活性位点.     

衣壳蛋白缺失突变对登革病毒致病性及免疫原性的影响

在登革2型病毒中国分离株(DEN2—43)的感染性全长cDNA克隆的基础之上,利用融合PCR技术构建衣壳蛋白基因缺失的全长cDNA．将其线性化并体外转录成RNA后,经电穿孔法导入宿主细胞获得缺失突变病毒,对其致病性和免疫原性进行了观察．结果显示,随着衣壳蛋白缺失氨基酸残基数目的增加,病毒在敏感细胞中的增殖能力逐渐减弱,而衣壳蛋白第3个α螺旋序列缺失的突变体则完全丧失感染性．突变病毒对乳鼠的致病性也随之减弱,缺失10个氨基酸残基使病毒几乎完全丧失乳鼠致病力．同时缺失突变病毒可诱导小鼠产生高水平IgG抗体．表明登革病毒衣壳蛋白具有功能灵活性,可作为减毒突变的靶位点．该结果为深入探讨登革病毒基因组结构与功能的关系及研制新型登革减毒疫苗奠定了基础．     

GRP78异常O-糖基化对乳腺癌细胞侵袭迁移的影响

为了探索O-糖基化异常对GRP78促进人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞侵袭转移能力的影响,克隆人GRP78基因,利用点突变技术,构建了GRP78野生型及T648A、T648G2个糖基化位点突变真核表达载体.Western blot检测外源性GRP78在MCF-7细胞中的表达.利用划痕修复实验和transwell侵袭小室实验,研究GRP78第648位Thr突变后引起的异常糖基化对其生物学功能的影响.划痕实验结果显示与野生型相比,转染突变体的MCF-7细胞的覆盖面积较少.Transwell检测结果显示突变体转染组的侵袭细胞数少于对照组,说明GRP78 O-糖基化缺失后明显降低了其促进MCF-7细胞侵袭迁移的能力.本研究为深入探讨O-糖基化在介导GRP78生物学功能中的作用机制奠定了基础.     

小鼠睾丸发育过程中Si1基因表达的研究

 以1天龄、未成熟(3周龄)、成熟期(10周龄以上)的昆明正常小鼠睾丸组织为实验材料,利用地高辛标记的Si1基因探针在其组织切片上进行DNA-mRNA分子原位杂交,探讨Si1基因在小鼠睾丸发育过程中的表达变化.同时,分别在生后15,20 d及25 d的昆明小鼠睾丸组织切片上进行凋亡细胞原位检测,验证小鼠睾丸上述发育时期的细胞凋亡情况.结果发现:①Si1基因在1天龄小鼠的睾丸组织生精上皮内无杂交信号;在未成熟小鼠的睾丸组织部分生精上皮内有极强的杂交信号;在成熟小鼠的睾丸组织生精上皮内无杂交信号.②小鼠睾丸组织生精上皮内,凋亡细胞数从生后第15-20天呈增加趋势,于生后第20天出现峰值,生后第25天又降低.上述结果表明Si1基因可能参与了小鼠睾丸的发育过程,在小鼠睾丸发育的特定时期发挥作用,由于Si1基因的表达与小鼠生精细胞凋亡发生的时期同步,表明该基因可能与小鼠睾丸发育过程中的细胞凋亡有关.     

Functional complementation between FADD and RIP1 in embryos and lymphocytes

FADD is a common adaptor shared by several death receptors for signalling apoptosis through recruitment and activation of caspase 8 (refs 1-3). Death receptors are essential for immune homeostasis, but dispensable during embryogenesis. Surprisingly, Fadd(-/-) mice die in utero and conditional deletion of FADD leads to impaired lymphocyte proliferation. How FADD regulates embryogenesis and lymphocyte responses has been a long-standing enigma. FADD could directly bind to RIP1 (also known as RIPK1), a serine/threonine kinase that mediates both necrosis and NF-κB activation. Here we show that Fadd(-/-) embryos contain raised levels of RIP1 and exhibit massive necrosis. To investigate a potential in vivo functional interaction between RIP1 and FADD, null alleles of RIP1 were crossed into Fadd(-/-) mice. Notably, RIP1 deficiency allowed normal embryogenesis of Fadd(-/-) mice. Conversely, the developmental defect of Rip1(-/-) lymphocytes was partially corrected by FADD deletion. Furthermore, RIP1 deficiency fully restored normal proliferation in Fadd(-/-) T cells but not in Fadd(-/-) B cells. Fadd(-/-)Rip1(-/-) double-knockout T cells are resistant to death induced by Fas or TNF-α and show reduced NF-κB activity. Therefore, our data demonstrate an unexpected cell-type-specific interplay between FADD and RIP1, which is critical for the regulation of apoptosis and necrosis during embryogenesis and lymphocyte function.     

RIP3 mediates the embryonic lethality of caspase-8-deficient mice

Apoptosis and necroptosis are complementary pathways controlled by common signalling adaptors, kinases and proteases; among these, caspase-8 (Casp8) is critical for death receptor-induced apoptosis. This caspase has also been implicated in non-apoptotic pathways that regulate Fas-associated via death domain (FADD)-dependent signalling and other less defined biological processes as diverse as innate immune signalling and myeloid or lymphoid differentiation patterns. Casp8 suppresses RIP3-RIP1 (also known as RIPK3-RIPK1) kinase complex-dependent necroptosis that follows death receptor activation as well as a RIP3-dependent, RIP1-independent necrotic pathway that has emerged as a host defence mechanism against murine cytomegalovirus. Disruption of Casp8 expression leads to embryonic lethality in mice between embryonic days 10.5 and 11.5 (ref. 7). Thus, Casp8 may naturally hold alternative RIP3-dependent death pathways in check in addition to promoting apoptosis. We find that RIP3 is responsible for the mid-gestational death of Casp8-deficient embryos. Remarkably, Casp8(-/-)Rip3(-/-) double mutant mice are viable and mature into fertile adults with a full immune complement of myeloid and lymphoid cell types. These mice seem immunocompetent but develop lymphadenopathy by four months of age marked by accumulation of abnormal T cells in the periphery, a phenotype reminiscent of mice with Fas-deficiency (lpr/lpr; also known as Fas). Thus, Casp8 contributes to homeostatic control in the adult immune system; however, RIP3 and Casp8 are together completely dispensable for mammalian development.     

Effect of Quercetin on Breeding and Apoptosis of Cervical Cancer HeLa Cell and on Growth of Transplanted Tumor in Nude Mice

Effect of quercetin on HeLa cell system of cervical cancer was studied by methods of MTT and Annexin V-FITC/PI. The results show that quercetin has functions of inhibiting breeding of HeLa cells and inducing apoptosis of the cells. The total apoptosis rate is positively proportional to reaction duration and concentration of quercetin used. The maximum apoptosis rate being （88.76±2.35）% was obtained when the concentration was 50.0 μmol/L and the cells were treated with quercetin for 72 hours. Based on establishing a model of tumor of cervical cancer transplanted into nude mice, quercetin of different concentrations was injected into abdominal cavity of nude mice and situation of tumor growth was reviewed. The result showed that with quercetin concent＇ration increasing from 0 to 100.0 μmol/L, the transplantation volume and weight of the tumors decreased from （279.59±70.58） mm^3 and （0.145±0.019） g to （128.72±36.12） mm^3 and （0.089± 0.019） g respectively, while apoptosis rate of the transplanted tumor increased from （9.63±1.85）% to （34,98±0.47）%, which proved that quercetin inhibited increment of volume and weight of transplanted tumor in nude mice bodies.     

Restoration of vision after transplantation of photoreceptors

Cell transplantation is a potential strategy for treating blindness caused by the loss of photoreceptors. Although transplanted rod-precursor cells are able to migrate into the adult retina and differentiate to acquire the specialized morphological features of mature photoreceptor cells, the fundamental question remains whether transplantation of photoreceptor cells can actually improve vision. Here we provide evidence of functional rod-mediated vision after photoreceptor transplantation in adult Gnat1?/? mice, which lack rod function and are a model of congenital stationary night blindness. We show that transplanted rod precursors form classic triad synaptic connections with second-order bipolar and horizontal cells in the recipient retina. The newly integrated photoreceptor cells are light-responsive with dim-flash kinetics similar to adult wild-type photoreceptors. By using intrinsic imaging under scotopic conditions we demonstrate that visual signals generated by transplanted rods are projected to higher visual areas, including V1. Moreover, these cells are capable of driving optokinetic head tracking and visually guided behaviour in the Gnat1?/? mouse under scotopic conditions. Together, these results demonstrate the feasibility of photoreceptor transplantation as a therapeutic strategy for restoring vision after retinal degeneration.     

Prophylaxis of tumor through oral administration of IL-12 GM-CSF gene carried by live attenuated salmonella

A live attenuated AraA^- autotrophic mutant ofSalmonella typhimurium (SL3261) was used as carrier for eukaryotic expression vectors EGFPN1, pCMVmIL-12, pCMVhIL-12, pCMVmGM-CSF and pCMVhGM-CSF and was administered orally to BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. After 6 weeks, these mice were challenged with 4T1 and Lewis tumor cells respectively. GFP expression and gene integration could be detected in mice’s livers, spleens, intestines, kidneys and tumors. The serum level of cytokines increased significantly in treated mice, so did the ratio of CD ₈ ⁺ /CD ₄ ⁺ , which resulted in the tumor regression and prolongation of the survival time of those mice. These researches laid an experimental foundation for the tumor gene therapy using live attenuated salmonella.     

小鼠胚胎移植技术优化及对巨细胞病毒净化研究

目的 建立小鼠巨细胞病毒净化方法,以获得无MCMV感染的小鼠。方法 利用胚胎移植技术,通过使用不同激素、不同发情周期注射激素、受体鼠品系、不同的移植方法、不同时期胚胎移植,以及移植胚胎数量等对比试验,优化了净化条件。利用优化的胚胎移植净化方法,对供体鼠进行了净化。结果 SIGMA生产的激素,在10 IU剂量下超排得到的可用胚胎数量约为17枚/只;在小鼠发情间期超排得到的可用胚胎最多,超排的可用胚胎数约为23枚/只;选取C57雄性小鼠与ICR雌性小鼠交配的子一代作为受体鼠,产仔率达44.5%;输卵管移植较子宫移植效果好,产仔率为40.64%;移植2细胞胚胎的妊娠率为80%,明显优于单细胞和8细胞;受体鼠移植24枚胚胎时,产仔率达到了43.75%。利用优化的小鼠巨细胞病毒胚胎移植净化方法,净化得到了无MCMV感染的小鼠。结论 建立了小鼠巨细胞病毒净化方法,为获得无MCMV感染的小鼠种群提供了可靠的保障。     

Self-renewal and expansion of single transplanted muscle stem cells

Adult muscle satellite cells have a principal role in postnatal skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. Satellite cells reside as quiescent cells underneath the basal lamina that surrounds muscle fibres and respond to damage by giving rise to transient amplifying cells (progenitors) and myoblasts that fuse with myofibres. Recent experiments showed that, in contrast to cultured myoblasts, satellite cells freshly isolated or satellite cells derived from the transplantation of one intact myofibre contribute robustly to muscle repair. However, because satellite cells are known to be heterogeneous, clonal analysis is required to demonstrate stem cell function. Here we show that when a single luciferase-expressing muscle stem cell is transplanted into the muscle of mice it is capable of extensive proliferation, contributes to muscle fibres, and Pax7(+)luciferase(+) mononucleated cells can be readily re-isolated, providing evidence of muscle stem cell self-renewal. In addition, we show using in vivo bioluminescence imaging that the dynamics of muscle stem cell behaviour during muscle repair can be followed in a manner not possible using traditional retrospective histological analyses. By imaging luciferase activity, real-time quantitative and kinetic analyses show that donor-derived muscle stem cells proliferate and engraft rapidly after injection until homeostasis is reached. On injury, donor-derived mononucleated cells generate massive waves of cell proliferation. Together, these results show that the progeny of a single luciferase-expressing muscle stem cell can both self-renew and differentiate after transplantation in mice, providing new evidence at the clonal level that self-renewal is an autonomous property of a single adult muscle stem cell.     

人胃癌裸鼠移植瘤转移模型的研究概况

胃癌的基础与临床研究需要能真正模拟胃癌在人体内自然生长、侵袭及转移全部过程的动物模型。目前,人胃癌裸鼠移植模型是人体外最接近人类胃癌的整体实验模型,并且造模时间短,成功率高,按移植部位可以分为皮下移植、原位移植、腹腔移植以及转移模型。影响裸鼠移植模型建立的因素主要有人胃癌细胞或外科标本的特性、移植部位及移植、癌细胞数量、裸鼠的品系和周龄以及生长环境和其他因素的影响。     

Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell

The existence of mammary stem cells (MaSCs) has been postulated from evidence that the mammary gland can be regenerated by transplantation of epithelial fragments in mice. Interest in MaSCs has been further stimulated by their potential role in breast tumorigenesis. However, the identity and purification of MaSCs has proved elusive owing to the lack of defined markers. We isolated discrete populations of mouse mammary cells on the basis of cell-surface markers and identified a subpopulation (Lin-CD29hiCD24+) that is highly enriched for MaSCs by transplantation. Here we show that a single cell, marked with a LacZ transgene, can reconstitute a complete mammary gland in vivo. The transplanted cell contributed to both the luminal and myoepithelial lineages and generated functional lobuloalveolar units during pregnancy. The self-renewing capacity of these cells was demonstrated by serial transplantation of clonal outgrowths. In support of a potential role for MaSCs in breast cancer, the stem-cell-enriched subpopulation was expanded in premalignant mammary tissue from MMTV-wnt-1 mice and contained a higher number of MaSCs. Our data establish that single cells within the Lin-CD29hiCD24+ population are multipotent and self-renewing, properties that define them as MaSCs.