Cooper instability of composite fermions

When confined to two dimensions and exposed to a strong magnetic field, electrons screen the Coulomb interaction in a topological fashion; they capture an even number of quantum vortices and transform into particles called 'composite fermions' (refs 1-3). The fractional quantum Hall effect occurs in such a system when the ratio (or 'filling factor, nu) of the number of electrons and the degeneracy of their spin-split energy states (the Landau levels) takes on particular values. The Landau level filling nu = 1/2 corresponds to a metallic state in which the composite fermions form a gapless Fermi sea. But for nu = 5/2, a fractional quantum Hall effect is observed instead; this unexpected result is the subject of considerable debate and controversy. Here we investigate the difference between these states by considering the theoretical problem of two composite fermions on top of a fully polarized Fermi sea of composite fermions. We find that they undergo Cooper pairing to form a p-wave bound state at nu = 5/2, but not at nu = 1/2. In effect, the repulsive Coulomb interaction between electrons is overscreened in the nu = 5/2 state by the formation of composite fermions, resulting in a weak, attractive interaction.     

磁镜场中单电子与其回旋波的捕获共振相互作用

本文分析了单个电子在磁镜场中与电子回旋波之间的回旋捕获共振相互作用现象，并建立了这种共振作用的物理图象；进而分析这种相互作用所导致的等离子体加热现象和反常输运现象，最后对相对论效应的修正也进行了一些探讨．     

超声波加工工具对复合变幅杆谐振性能影响

基于变截面杆纵振动的波动方程，推导出安装简单工具双曲过渡形复合变幅杆频率方程和放大系数的一般公式，并讨论了超声波加工工具对复合变幅杆谐振性能的影响．随着工具长度和直径的增加，变幅杆谐振频率下降，应根据工具尺寸相应调整复合变幅杆末端长度，才能保证更好的谐振．推导出的一般公式为超声变幅杆及其工具的设计和使用提供了理论依据。     

费米子的弱荷

从标准模型的中性流出发引入费米子弱荷的新概念,并对它们的性质进行讨论．根据弱荷的对称性,提出所有的中微子都是有质量的,但右手中微子和左手反中微子的弱荷为零,因而不参与弱相互作用．根据弱荷的手征性,合理地解释了弱相互作用中宇称不守恒的原因．     

纵-扭复合型超声马达共振频率调谐

将传统的复合型超声马达改进成双定子对称结构,提出一种通过在定子上附加一个调整环实现纵、扭振动同频共振的新方法.根据线性压电理论建立定子振动分析理论模型,研究定子的纵向振动与扭转振动第一阶固有频率随调整环质量和位置的变化规律,优化双定子复合型超声马达的几何结构参数.研究结果表明:调整环的质量对定子纵向振动与扭转振动的固有频率的影响程度相同,但调整环在定子上的位置对纵向振动的固有频率的影响程度有较大差异.当改变调整环在定子上的位置,纵向振动一阶固有频率的变化很小,但扭转振动一阶固有频率变化较大;调整环处于定子端部时,可以实现定子纵向振动与扭转振动一阶固有频率的调谐.     

Cyclotron frequency shifts arising from polarization forces

The cyclotron frequency of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field B is related to its mass m and charge q by the relationship omega(c) = qB/m. This simple relationship forms the basis for sensitive mass comparisons using ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy, with applications ranging from the identification of biomolecules and the study of chemical reaction rates to determinations of the fine structure constant of atomic spectra. Here we report the observation of a deviation from the cyclotron frequency relationship for polarizable particles: in high-accuracy measurements of a single CO+ ion, a dipole induced in the orbiting ion shifts the measured cyclotron frequency. We use this cyclotron frequency shift to measure non-destructively the quantum state of the CO+ ion. The effect also provides a means to determine to a few per cent the body-frame dipole moment of CO+, thus establishing a method for measuring dipole moments of molecular ions for which few comparably accurate measurements exist. The general perturbation that we describe here affects the most precise mass comparisons attainable today, with applications including direct tests of Einstein's mass-energy relationship and charge-parity-time reversal symmetry, and possibly the weighing of chemical bonds.     

Isotropic negative permeability composite based on Mie resonance of the BST-MgO dielectric medium

Isotropic negative permeability composite, composed of BST-MgO dielectric cubes with high permittivity dispersed in the Teflon substrate with low permittivity, was designed and fabricated based on Mie resonance and the effective medium theory. Measurements and simulations showed that the dielectric composite exhibited a strong sub-wavelength magnetic resonance at the first Mie resonance and possessed isotropic negative permeability, which resulted from the displacement current excited in the cubes. The dielectric particle was equivalent to a magnetic dipole at the magnetic resonance, which could be adjusted by the size and permittivity of the particles. It may provide a convenient method to design isotropic metamaterials and invisible cloak at infrared and visible frequencies.     

非平坦时空中相对论性的玻色子和费米子

在背景度规ds2=u2(x)(-dt2 dx2) dy2 dz2下,本文研究相对论性的玻色子和费米子,得出了相应于Klein-Gordon方程和Dirac方程的连续性方程.当u(x)是奇函数时,体系的哈密顿算符H具有空间反演不变性,宇称守恒.对于特殊情况u(x)=ex,计算出了玻色子和费米子的本征波函数.     

Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene

Quantum electrodynamics (resulting from the merger of quantum mechanics and relativity theory) has provided a clear understanding of phenomena ranging from particle physics to cosmology and from astrophysics to quantum chemistry. The ideas underlying quantum electrodynamics also influence the theory of condensed matter, but quantum relativistic effects are usually minute in the known experimental systems that can be described accurately by the non-relativistic Schr?dinger equation. Here we report an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation. The charge carriers in graphene mimic relativistic particles with zero rest mass and have an effective 'speed of light' c* approximately 10(6) m s(-1). Our study reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions. In particular we have observed the following: first, graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the quantum unit of conductance, even when concentrations of charge carriers tend to zero; second, the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at half-integer filling factors; and third, the cyclotron mass m(c) of massless carriers in graphene is described by E = m(c)c*2. This two-dimensional system is not only interesting in itself but also allows access to the subtle and rich physics of quantum electrodynamics in a bench-top experiment.     

电子回旋脉塞等离子体的粒子模拟

采用等离子体粒子模拟(PIC)的方法,在理论研究基础上应用电磁模型,鳊写了TE模式的电子回旋脉塞等离子体粒子模拟程序并进行了数值模拟.模拟结果表明由于相对论效应引起角向群聚,从而产生净能量的交换;回旋脉塞主要发生在ω≈ωc的横向区域,注-波互作用的结果使粒子几乎全部将能量耦合给微波.     

电子回旋波在托卡马克等离子体中的传播

通过数值求解波迹方程研究了电子回旋波在等离子体中的传播.结果表明,非寻常波从强场侧和顶部发射时能够很好的在等离子体中传播,从弱场侧发射时波的可近性条件比较严格.寻常波从强场侧、弱场侧和顶部发射时,通过适当的调整波的发射条件,也能得到理想的传播结果.     

电子回旋波驱动电流的饱和问题

通过对聚变堆级条件下的电子回旋波电流驱动进行数值模拟,研究了不同发射波功率下的电流驱动,结果表明:随着波功率的加大,驱动电流会变大,但驱动电流的变化并不与波功率的增加成正比,当波功率较大时驱动电流会接近饱和.     

非局域磁捕获共振现象对回旋激射的影响

讨论磁镜场中弱相对论捕获电子的非局域磁捕获共振现象对回旋激射的影响。在高能电子分量与冷背景等离子体分量相比为一小量的近似下，用解析方法研究了回旋捕获共振所导致的沿磁力线传播的回旋激射，其结果与局域理论比较，发现非局域效应有很强的抑制作用。     

电子回旋脉塞中相位俘获的数值分析

通过对柱型腔回旋管中电子与电磁波互作用自洽非线性方程组的数值计算,模拟出电子的相轨迹图,分析了与相位俘获有关的饱和现象,指出这种现象主要与波场幅值和互作用长度有关,可通过调整这些参数提高互作用效率。     

电子回旋共振等离子体静电探针诊断技术研究

采用Langmuir静电单探针和双探针诊断技术对微波电子回旋共振(ECR)装置产生的低温低气压氮气等离子体进行诊断.测量了等离子体密度随微波功率,轴向距离,径向距离的变化关系以及电子温度随轴向距离的变化关系.采用3种不同理论计算等离子体密度;分别采用单探针与双探针测量电子温度.结果表明,由饱和电子电流计算得到的电子密度与由受限轨道理论计算得到的电子密度相一致,约为1×1010/cm3,而由饱和离子电流计算得到的电子密度在2×1010/cm3左右;由单探针测量的轴向电子温度最高可达7 e V,而双探针的测量值最大仅为4.5 e V.越靠近离子源处,这一差异性越明显.然后引入Langmuir受限轨道理论对这些差异现象进行分析,提出电流分离的思想,将电子电流与离子电流分离,证明了受限轨道理论在ECR等离子体中的适用性.通过利用电流分离思想除去离子电流的方法得到负偏压部分的电子电流,解决了使用单探针测量电子温度时直线部分不明显的问题.     

HL-2A装置中的电子回旋波电流驱动

 通过将相对论Fokker Planck方程与波迹方程联合求解,对HL-2A装置中的电子回旋波电流驱动进行了数值模拟,研究了在HL-2A单零偏滤器条件下,中平面弱场侧发射的电子回旋波寻常波电流驱动。结果表明,HL-2A中的电子回旋波电流驱动效率较低并且受温度影响较为明显。     

Evidence for superfluidity of ultracold fermions in an optical lattice

The study of superfluid fermion pairs in a periodic potential has important ramifications for understanding superconductivity in crystalline materials. By using cold atomic gases, various models of condensed matter can be studied in a highly controllable environment. Weakly repulsive fermions in an optical lattice could undergo d-wave pairing at low temperatures, a possible mechanism for high temperature superconductivity in the copper oxides. The lattice potential could also strongly increase the critical temperature for s-wave superfluidity. Recent experimental advances in bulk atomic gases include the observation of fermion-pair condensates and high-temperature superfluidity. Experiments with fermions and bosonic bound pairs in optical lattices have been reported but have not yet addressed superfluid behaviour. Here we report the observation of distinct interference peaks when a condensate of fermionic atom pairs is released from an optical lattice, implying long-range order (a property of a superfluid). Conceptually, this means that s-wave pairing and coherence of fermion pairs have now been established in a lattice potential, in which the transport of atoms occurs by quantum mechanical tunnelling and not by simple propagation. These observations were made for interactions on both sides of a Feshbach resonance. For larger lattice depths, the coherence was lost in a reversible manner, possibly as a result of a transition from superfluid to insulator. Such strongly interacting fermions in an optical lattice can be used to study a new class of hamiltonians with interband and atom-molecule couplings.     

Comparison of the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect for bosons and fermions

Fifty years ago, Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) discovered photon bunching in light emitted by a chaotic source, highlighting the importance of two-photon correlations and stimulating the development of modern quantum optics. The quantum interpretation of bunching relies on the constructive interference between amplitudes involving two indistinguishable photons, and its additive character is intimately linked to the Bose nature of photons. Advances in atom cooling and detection have led to the observation and full characterization of the atomic analogue of the HBT effect with bosonic atoms. By contrast, fermions should reveal an antibunching effect (a tendency to avoid each other). Antibunching of fermions is associated with destructive two-particle interference, and is related to the Pauli principle forbidding more than one identical fermion to occupy the same quantum state. Here we report an experimental comparison of the fermionic and bosonic HBT effects in the same apparatus, using two different isotopes of helium: (3)He (a fermion) and 4He (a boson). Ordinary attractive or repulsive interactions between atoms are negligible; therefore, the contrasting bunching and antibunching behaviour that we observe can be fully attributed to the different quantum statistics of each atomic species. Our results show how atom-atom correlation measurements can be used to reveal details in the spatial density or momentum correlations in an atomic ensemble. They also enable the direct observation of phase effects linked to the quantum statistics of a many-body system, which may facilitate the study of more exotic situations.