Die Sofortwirkung des Thyroxins und ihre klinische Bedeutung

Summary Former investigations have shown, that Thyroxine does not accelerate directly oxidations but the fermentations and that combustions are increased by the breakdown products only. That is why Thyroxine cannot act from the blood, for on the surface of the cells fermentations are stopped by the oxidations because of the Pasteur reaction. Therefore Thyroxine must reach the O₂-poor interior of cells by means of the peripheral nerves. If it is so then in case of the damage of the cells—which is followed as known by the paralysis of the Pasteur reaction—Thyroxine must act directly from the blood without any latency, for then fermentations are no longer stopped at the surface of the cells. The experiments have shown indeed, that if you produce by anemia on white rats a lack of oxygen, Thyroxine increases the oxidations up to 50% already in about 30 minutes which in the case of normal animals cannot be expected before 24 hours. It is probable that in the case of the general damage of cells (serious anemia, uncompensated heart defects, tumors) the noticeable loss in weight and cachexia are conditioned by that Thyroxine which circulates in the blood-stream and they may be cured by remedies such as Thiouracil or Thermothyrine.     

Die Algebra der Babylonier

Ohne Zusammenfassung Vorgelegt von B. L. van der Waerden     

Die Rouleau-Bildung der Rindererythrocyten

Summary Not a trace of rouleau formation could be observed with native beef erythrocytes under varying conditions. A typical rouleau formation and a markedly increased sedimentation rate could, however, be elicited when the surface layer of the beef erythrocytes was carefully removed with proteolytic enzymes. This is an additional evidence that the beef erythrocytes are enveloped in a surface sheet, which inhibits their hemagglutination and their rouleau formation. Papain is a proteolytic enzyme, which is inactive regarding rouleau formation. Lysolecithin disintegrates the rouleaus, albumin restores them.

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Diese Arbeit wurde von der H.-Buss-Stiftung (Basel) unterstützt.     

Die Konstitution der Salamander-Alkaloide

Summary Four alkaloids have been isolated from the skin gland of the Feuer- and Alpensalamander (Salamandra maculosa andatra Laur.). The structure, stereochemistry and absolute configuration of the principal alkaloid, samandarin, have been elucidated by chemical, optical, and X-ray-crystallographic methods. The basic structure of samandarin is derived from 5-androstan by the insertion between C-2 and C-3 of ring A of an NH group which, along with an oxygen bridge between C-1 and C-3, constitutes an oxazolidine ring; at C₁₆ there is a-hydroxyl group. By virtue of its origin and constitution samandarin occupies a unique position among alkaloids.

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Nach der am 15. Juni 1960 in der Aula der Universität Zürich gehaltenen zweitenPaul-Karrer-Vorlesung. Der Vortrag ist zum Teil gekürzt, Ergebnisse der letzten Zeit sind in die vorliegende Fassung eingearbeitet worden.     

Die Biochemie der Chinone

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Welt der kleinen Planeten

Summary After a historical survey on the discovery of the small planets and the international organization of the calculation of orbits the importance of the divergences from the ordinary orbits between Mars and Jupiter is discussed. On the one side those small planets which approach Mars, Jupiter, even Earth and Saturn, in strongly excentric orbits offer new methods for the mass determination of the large planets; e.g. the perigee of Eros made possible a new determination of the parallax of the sun (8,79). On the other side the group of the Trojans e.g. gives new aspects for the problem of the three bodies. In the breaches of commensurability the statistical distribution of the orbits of the small planets hints to the problem of the stability of the planetary system.     

Die Natur der anorganischen Knochensubstanz

Résumé Nous rapportant à nos recherches de ces dernières années relatives à la calcification et à la substance inorganique des os, nous rendons attentifs au fait que les arguments avancés parBrasseur etDallemagne ne sont pas convainquants; ils ne sont pas suffisants pour faire abandonner les vues proposées parBredig, Klement et autres, confirmées par nous, sur la constitution de la substance inorganique des os. A notre avis, il n'y a jusqu'ici aucune raison d'abandonner ces conclusions d'après lesquelles la substance inorganique des os est constituée en plus grande partie par de l'apatite: Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH).

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Bemerkungen zu:M. J. Dallemagne undH. Brasseur, Exper.3, 469 (1947).     

Die physikalische Kieme der Wasserinsekten

Summary The air stores carried by a number of aquatic insects have: a) a hydrostatic function (Brocher, Oortwijn-Botjes, Thorpe, andCrisp); b) the function of an oxygen store (Ege, de Ruiter et al.) and c) the function of a physical gill (Strauss-Durckheim, Ege, etc.). The fact that oxygen is taken up from water with the aid of an air bubble was demonstrated forNotonecta by comparing the life time of insects with and without physical gill (while replenishing the oxygen store from the air was prevented) byEge, and forCorixa byPopham, whileVlasblom determined the oxygen uptake from water with and without air bubble forNotonecta, Naucoris, Corixa, Sigara andNepa. Nepa andSigara can take up considerable quantities of oxygen by cutaneous respiration.During the summer, the gill function of the air store ofNotonecta andNaucoris is of importance only when a water current passes along the animal, caused by ventilation movements of the legs (de Ruiter et al.). At low temperatures, however, the metabolic rate is so low that in many instances the physical gill provides the oxygen required without ventilation movements.An apparatus for the simultaneous determination of oxygen uptake from air and water (Wolvekamp andVlasblom) gave results that provided a means of evaluating the importance of the physical gill function.In some cases, the air store, although in direct contact with the water, does not need to be replenished. InAphelocheirus andElmis, the negative pressure in the bubble, caused by oxygen consumption and the diffusing out of part of the nitrogen, is compensated for by the mechanical resistance of a feltwork of thin hairs and the surface tension of the boundary layer of the water (Thorpe andCrisp). In the African beetle,Potamodytes, the unprotected air bubble is permanent because the strong river currents produce a lowered pressure around the animal according toBernoulli's principle (Stride).     

Die radiofrequente Strahlung der Sonnenkorona

Summary From the theory of the free-free-transitions of the electrons in the solar corona the absorption coefficient and optical thickness of the corona are calculated. From these the intensity of the coronal radiation at radio-frequencies is deduced for different distances from the centre of the sun's disc (Fig. 1). In fig. 2 the spectral intensity-distribution is given for radiation coming from the sun's centre (=0), from the sun's limb (=1), and from a point one solar radius outside the sun's limb.     

Die Bedeutung von Plasmafaktoren für die isolierte umströmte Kaninchennetzhaut

Summary Theb-wave in the electroretinogram of the isolated retina of the rabbit can be completely preserved by addition of plasma to the perfusing fluid. The plasma factor is a non-protein (heat-stable, molecular size <24Å), and was found in the plasma of rabbit, man, and horse.     

Die Treffermethode in der Messung der Parathyreozyten-Aktivität nach der Epiphysektomie

Résumé Par l'application de la méthode d'intégration aux points sur les clichés électronomicroscopiques, on a constaté l'hypertrophie des organelles cellulaires (mitochondries, le réticulum endoplasmique et l'appareil de Golgi) dans les cellules parathyroïdiennes de rats sacrifiés trois semaines après l'épiphysectomie.     

Die Alkaloide im Stoffwechsel der Pflanze

Ohne Zusammenfassung10. Paul-Karrer-Vorlesung, gehalten am 19. Juni 1968 in der Aula der Universität Zürich.     

Die Beeinflussung der Mitose durch Urethan

Summary 2% aqueous solution of urethan causes after 6–10 hours' action on root types ofVicia faba andAllium cepa a shortening of chromosomes, it stops also the metaphase and lowers the rate of mitosis. Probably there is a connection between the lipophile groups, the reduction in surface tension, and the diminution of chromosomes. Dioxan with similar physical properties has the same effect.     

Die schweizerische Akademie der medizinischen Wissenschaften

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Beeinflussung der Leukozytenphagozytose mit Phlorrhizin

Summary In the rat the intraperitoneally administered phlorrhizin significantly reduces the phagocytosis of bacteria by leucocytes, as determined by thePlatonow-Ludány-Vajda method, with the mean decrease being — 33.5%. The effect is reversible. The phenomenon appears to be due to an alteration of carbohydrate metabolism in the leucocytes. The experiments supply new evidence supporting the view that alongside biophysical factors (surface effects) also cellular metabolic processes may play important roles in the phagocytotic activity of leucocytes.     

Über den Einfluss der Kettenlänge auf die biologische Aktivität eledoisinanaloger Verbindungen

Summary The syntheses of Eledoisin analogues by shortening the peptide chain at the N-terminal moiety of the molecule are described. The influence of the chain length on the hypotensive activity is discussed.

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Über Peptidsynthesen XXXII. 5. Mitt. über Eledoisin und Eledoisin-Analoga. 4. Mitt. sieheE. Schröder, K. Lübke undR. Hempel, Exper.21, 70 (1965).

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Auszugsweise vorgetragen auf dem 7. Europäischen Peptidsymposium in Budapest (Sept. 1964).