室温固相合成形貌可控的CuO纳米晶及其表征

通过室温固相反应法成功制备出具有一维棒状和球型状的CuO纳米晶.研究结果表明,在反应过程中,表面活性剂对CuO纳米晶的形貌起着决定性的作用.当反应过程在表面活性剂聚乙二醇400液态环境中进行时,所制备的CuO为一维棒状纳米晶.纳米棒的直径为6～14 nm、长度为100～400 nm;当反应过程在表面活性剂聚氧乙烯9醚液态环境中进行时,则所制备的CuO为球形纳米粒子,纳米粒子的直径为4～11nm,平均直径为7 nm.用X射线粉末衍射和透射显微镜技术对所制备纳米晶的成分、晶相、形状和尺寸进行了表征分析.对不同形貌CuO纳米晶的形成机理作了深入的讨论,提出了CuO纳米棒的表面活性剂软模板诱导自组装生长机理.     

低温固相合成形貌和晶相可控的CdS纳米晶

用表面活性剂为形貌控制剂,通过低温固相反应成功制备出具有不同晶相和形貌的CdS纳米晶.研究结果表明,在反应过程中,表面活性剂所形成的结构对最终纳米晶的形貌起着决定性的作用.若以表面活性剂聚氧乙烯9醚为形貌控制剂,则所制备的产物为立方晶系的β-CdS球形纳米粒子,纳米粒子的直径为5-15 nm;而用聚乙二醇400为形貌控制剂时,则所制备的产物为六方晶系的CdS纳米棒,纳米棒的直径为20-80 nm、长度为100-400 nm.用X射线粉末衍射和透射显微镜技术对所制备纳米晶的成分、晶相、形状和尺寸进行了表征分析.对不同形貌CdS纳米晶的形成机理作了深入的讨论,提出了CdS纳米棒的表面活性剂软模板诱导自组装生长机理.     

微乳液技术在纳米材料合成中的应用

微乳液是由表面活性剂、助表面活性剂在有机溶剂或水中形成的热力学稳定的各向同性的单分散体系,其分散质点为纳米级。它为纳米粒子的制备提供理想的模板和微环境。本文介绍了纳米材料、微乳液以及运用微乳液技术制备纳米材料以及该法的优点和和应用范围。     

不同表面活性剂对Sn基底表面银纳米粒子薄膜的原位生长及其光学性能的影响

以Sn基底为活性基底,通过不同表面活性剂的作用,采用原位置换法在其表面制备出形貌各异的银纳米粒子薄膜材料.采用扫描电镜、Ｘ射线衍射仪、紫外可见分光光度计、荧光分光光度计等测试手段对样品进行分析和表征, 并考察银纳米粒子的形貌对其薄膜基底表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)活性的影响.结果表明：随着反应液中表面活性剂种类的改变,银纳米粒子的形貌发生改变.当表面活性剂为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)时,制备出的由银纳米粒子具有极强的紫外可见吸收光谱红移;并且以此条件得到的SERS活性基底具有极强的SERS信号.     

水热法合成CdS纳米粒子及其与牛血清蛋白的共轭作用

用双子表面活性剂Py-16-10-16为软模板水热法合成了CdS纳米粒子,制备的CdS纳米粒子具有较好的荧光性质。研究了CdS纳米粒子与牛血清蛋白(BSA)的共轭作用,在pH=7.40的PBS缓冲溶液中,BSA的荧光强度随着CdS纳米粒子的加入而猝灭,同时用CD光谱对BSA与CdS纳米粒子共轭作用进行了分析,这一性质说明纳米粒子与蛋白质的共轭作用,可以用于蛋白质的分析检测。     

导向药物用纳米Fe3O4磁性粒子的制备及表征

采用化学共沉淀法先生成Fe3O4微粒,再将其分散于含有表面活性剂的水中的方法制备了纳米级Fe3O4磁性粒子.通过双层表面活性剂包覆可使Fe3O4磁性粒子稳定分散于水中而不聚集.在反应溶液pH值为11～12,温度为60℃及油酸钠为第1层表面活性剂,十二烷基苯磺酸钠为第2层表面活性剂的条件下制备了粒径为36nm的Fe3O4磁性粒子.实验结果表明:反应溶液pH值和表面活性剂是影响Fe3O4磁性粒子稳定性、粒径和饱和磁化强度的主要因素;利用XRD和IR证实了Fe3O4磁性粒子中存在Fe3O4和表面活性剂结构.所制备的纳米级Fe3O4磁性粒子可用作导向药物的磁载体.     

反胶束体系中Fe_3O_4/SiO_2核壳结构纳米粒子的制备和表征

在反胶束体系中制备Fe3O4/SiO2核壳结构纳米粒子,并利用透射电子显微镜表征颗粒的结构和形貌.首先,在水体系中采用共沉淀法制备平均粒径为13 nm的Fe3O4纳米粒子,并用有机小分子柠檬酸对其进行表面修饰,加入氨水后形成稳定的Fe3O4胶体溶液.然后,将此胶体溶液作为水相滴加到Triton X-100/环己烷/正丁醇的表面活性剂/油相/助表面活性剂溶液体系中,搅拌后形成稳定的油包水反胶束体系.在反胶束内以氨水为催化剂,使正硅酸乙酯水解,从而获得SiO2包覆的Fe3O4核壳结构纳米粒子.实验结果表明,改变水和表面活性剂Triton X-100的浓度比ω,可以达到调控核壳结构纳米粒子形貌的目的.当ω=9时,可获得尺寸均匀、平均粒径约为100 nm的Fe3O4/SiO2核壳结构纳米粒子.     

混合表面活性剂中制备聚苯乙烯/Co3O4复合纳米粒子

在阳离子表面活性剂(CTAB)胶束体系中制备立方相Co_3O_4磁性纳米粒子,将其与制备原液的混合体系分散到阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)溶液中,再加入苯乙烯引发聚合,制得聚苯乙烯/Co_3O_4复合纳米粒子.TEM观察Co_3O_4纳米粒子的平均粒径为30 nm左右,复合纳米粒子的粒径为40 nm左右.XRD、IR谱图及热、磁性能测定表明聚苯乙烯对Co_3O_4纳米粒子的包裹是成功的.     

利用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮制备银纳米粒子

利用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)的还原性,通过水热法还原Ag2O制备了Ag纳米粒子,并初步探讨了PVP作为还原剂的还原机理.利用X-ray粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和选区电子衍射(SAED)对Ag纳米粒子进行了表征分析.实验结果发现,PVP在制备Ag纳米粒子的过程中可同时起到还原剂和表面活性剂的双重作用.     

通过烯二炔自组装层的Bergman环化反应制备富碳纳米胶囊

通过Sonogashira偶联反应制备了设计结构的烯二炔化合物,以单分散SiO2无机纳米粒子为模板,以设计结构的烯二炔化合物为功能化前驱体,在无机纳米粒子表面通过分子自组装形成单分子层,并经原位引发Bergman环化反应形成聚芳烃交联网状结构,刻蚀除去无机模板后得到了均一形貌的富碳纳米胶囊.     

纳米难熔金属粉末研究进展

纳米粉末的制备方法按照常规分类可以分为固相法、气相法、液相法.文中综合讨论了国内外制备硬质材料粉末的新进展和新动向.重点分析和讨论了液相法制备硬质材料粉末的工艺方法和工艺特点,采用液相法研究和制备了硬质材料纳米粉末,分析了纳米粉末的重要特性和结构.     

3D TEM study on hollow α-Fe_2O_3 nanostructures and nanorings

Controlled synthesis of hollow structures with non-spherical holes is significant in fabricating nanomaterials with well-defined geometries and specific catalytic and electrochemical properties. Here we report the synthesis of uniform hexagonal bipyramid hematite(α-Fe_2O_3) nanoparticles with hollow and faceted interior via directional etching process in solution. The delicate hollow structures were investigated by electron tomography and growth mechanism was revealed unambiguously. The three-dimensional visualization demonstrates the outside surfaces of hematite particles are enclosed by six {104} and twelve {113} planes, due to the stabilizing effect of the F-anions on the exposed surfaces. The concurrent etching process is a reverse process of crystal growth and leads to the dissolution occurring at the edges and tips of the hexagonal bipyramid particles, resulting in the perforated crystals with exposed {102} internal facets or overetched nanorings with hexagonal cross-sections.This nanoscale growth and etching process still strictly follows the bulk crystal growth mechanism, thus shedding light on the synthesis of other nanoparticle with controlled morphologies and porous structures.     

TiO2纳米颗粒胶体活化系统设计及流场仿真分析

紫外光(UV)诱导纳米颗粒胶体射流加工可实现硬脆晶体材料亚纳米级超光滑表面的加工,根据其材料去除原理可知,伴随抛光过程的进行,胶体中TiO₂纳米颗粒表面会吸附一层工件表面的被去除原子,从而影响TiO₂纳米颗粒胶体的活性和光催化性.为了实现TiO₂纳米颗粒胶体的循环使用,基于O₃/UV高级氧化法对使用后的TiO₂纳米颗粒胶体再活化机理进行了研究,同时结合紫外光诱导纳米颗粒胶体射流加工系统设计了TiO₂纳米颗粒胶体活化系统,对系统内的再活化反应室结构进行了流体动力学仿真,仿真结果表明其结构设计满足TiO₂纳米颗粒胶体的活化要求.     

Drying-mediated self-assembly of nanoparticles

Systems far from equilibrium can exhibit complex transitory structures, even when equilibrium fluctuations are mundane. A dramatic example of this phenomenon has recently been demonstrated for thin-film solutions of passivated nanocrystals during the irreversible evaporation of the solvent. The relatively weak attractions between nanocrystals, which are efficiently screened in solution, become manifest as the solvent evaporates, initiating assembly of intricate, slowly evolving structures. Although certain aspects of this aggregation process can be explained using thermodynamic arguments alone, it is in principle a non-equilibrium process. A representation of this process as arising from the phase separation between a dense nanocrystal 'liquid' and dilute nanocrystal 'vapour' captures some of the behaviour observed in experiments, but neglects entirely the role of solvent fluctuations, which can be considerable on the nanometre length scale. Here we present a coarse-grained model of nanoparticle self-assembly that explicitly includes the dynamics of the evaporating solvent. Simulations using this model not only account for all observed spatial and temporal patterns, but also predict network structures that have yet to be explored. Two distinct mechanisms of ordering emerge, corresponding to the homogeneous and heterogeneous limits of evaporation dynamics. Our calculations show how different choices of solvent, nanoparticle size (and identity) and thermodynamic state give rise to the various morphologies of the final structures. The resulting guide for designing statistically patterned arrays of nanoparticles suggests the possibility of fabricating spontaneously organized nanoscale devices.     

银纳米颗粒溶胶表面增强红外基底对低浓度福美双农药的快速检测

采用水热法制备了一种银纳米颗粒溶胶,通过乙醇洗涤后得到银纳米颗粒表面增强红外基底,用于检测低浓度福美双农药。结果表明,该增强基底可检测低至10^-7mol/L的福美双农药,且不同浓度下福美双溶液的表面增强红外光谱强度呈现良好的线性关系,该基底对福美双分子的红外光谱增强能力高达150倍。银纳米颗粒的富集作用、电荷转移机制和电磁增强机制的共同作用使福美双的红外光谱得到显著增强。     

Size-dependent solid-solid phase transition process of Ag2S nanoparticles

It is well known that for a nanoparticle the solid-solid phase transition begins with the appearance of a high temperature disordered phase at the surface and the phase interface moves inward gradually with the increase of temperature. However, the size-dependent phase transition behavior remains unclear. Here we report an in-situ TEM study of the phase transition process of different-sized Ag₂S nanoparticles at atomic resolution. The onset temperature of disordered phase of the small nanoparticle is found to be lower than that of the big nanoparticle. And, the disordered phase thickness of small nanoparticle is always thicker than that of big nanoparticle. By considering surface and interface free-energy, a phenomenological model based on the minimization of system free-energy is established, which could well explain our experimental results. These discoveries extend our understanding of size dependent phase transition mechanism.     

A brief review of graphene-based material synthesis and its application in environmental pollution management

Graphene is an interesting two-dimensional carbon allotrope that has attracted considerable research interest because of its unique structure and physicochemical properties. Studies have been conducted on graphene-based nanomaterials including modified graphene, graphene/semiconductor hybrids, graphene/metal nanoparticle composites, and graphene-complex oxide composites. These nanomaterials inherit the unique properties of graphene, and the addition of functional groups or the nanoparticle composites on their surfaces improves their performance. Applications of these materials in pollutant removal and environmental remediation have been explored. From the viewpoint of environmental chemistry and materials, this paper reviews recent important advances in synthesis of graphene-related materials and their application in treatment of environmental pollution. The roles of graphene-based materials in pollutant removal and potential research are discussed.     

草甘膦除草剂合成工艺研究进展

对国内外草甘膦除草剂的合成工艺及其最新的研究进展进行介绍.论述甘氨酸法和IDA法的合成路线,其中以我国丰富的天然气为原料合成氢氰酸,以过渡金属络合物催化氧化双甘膦合成草甘膦,此合成工艺将在以后具有较强的竞争力.     

基于石墨烯强化MQL的GH4169合金铣削表面质量研究

为了改善GH4169合金铣削加工的表面质量,基于微量润滑(MQL)技术,将石墨烯纳米粒子添加到植物油基切削液中以强化其冷却润滑性能.结合正交试验方案,采用极差分析和方差分析方法,研究了MQL参数(石墨烯质量分数、切削液流量、气体压强)对表面粗糙度的影响规律,并得到了最优的参数组合.研究结果表明,石墨烯质量分数对GH4169合金铣削加工表面粗糙度的影响是最显著的,其次是气体压强,最后是切削液流量;同时,最优的表面粗糙度为0.406μm,最优参数组合为石墨烯质量分数0.1%,切削液流量60mL/h,气体压强0.6MPa;适当的MQL参数可以显著地改善切削区的冷却润滑状态,从而改善表面质量,降低表面粗糙度.     

以天然淀粉为内核的硒纳米颗粒的研制及其应用

利用氧化还原体系把高价硒还原为具有生物活性的红色零价硒,以生物材料淀粉为内核,采用纳米制备技术,得到核壳型的淀粉硒纳米颗粒(St-Se0NP).用透射电子显微镜和Zeta-sizer电位分析仪对颗粒进行表征,发现所制备的颗粒具有核壳结构,平均粒径为50 nm左右,电性呈中性.淀粉硒纳米颗粒作为植物营养调节剂应用于巨峰葡萄植株,成熟葡萄果实中的硒含量比对照提高了5倍,糖份提高了30%,钙含量提高了40%,而酸含量则降低了30%,大大改善了葡萄的风味.研究还对硒纳米颗粒的作用机制进行了初步讨论,认为较普通硒化物,淀粉硒纳米颗粒在植物体内形成了缓释,提高了硒在植物体内的作用效果.