梵净山自然保护区蕨类植物的区系特征

为探明梵净山自然保护区蕨类植物(含石松类植物,下同)的区系特点,结合野外调查、标本鉴定及资料整理的方法,调查了梵净山蕨类植物种类,并分析了梵净山蕨类植物属与种的各种区系成分。主要结果有:1)梵净山自然保护区共有蕨类植物28科,87属,324种,7变种和3变型。2)属的区系分析表明本区蕨类植物区系在属一级上带有明显的热带性质,但温带成分对本区区系也有一定影响。3)种的区系分析显示本区蕨类植物区系在种一级上具有温带性质,处于东亚蕨类植物区系的东翼及我国蕨类植物区系的中心区域,热带亚洲成分向北扩散也对本区蕨类植物的区系特征造成影响。     

Large-scale processes and the Asian bias in species diversity of temperate plants

An important issue in the study of biodiversity is the extent to which global patterns of species richness reflect large-scale processes and historical contingencies. Ecological interactions in local assemblages may constrain the number of species that can coexist, but differences in diversity in similar habitats within different regions (diversity anomalies) suggest that this limit is not firm. Variation in rate of species production could influence regional and perhaps local diversity independently of the ecological capacity of an area to support coexisting species, thereby creating diversity anomalies. Temperate Zone genera of plants that are disjunct between similar environments in eastern Asia and eastern North America (EAS-ENA) have twice as many species in Asia as in North America. Because lineages of these genera in Asia and North America are mostly sister pairs, they share a common history of adaptation and ecological relationship before disjunction. Thus, the diversity anomaly in EAS-ENA genera is not an artefact of taxon or habitat sampling but reflects differences in the net diversification (speciation-extinction) of the lineages in each of the continents. Here we propose that the most probable cause of the EAS-ENA anomaly in diversity is the extreme physiographical heterogeneity of temperate eastern Asia, especially compared with eastern North America, which in conjunction with climate and sea-level change has provided abundant opportunities for evolutionary radiation through allopatric speciation.     

Host specificity of Lepidoptera in tropical and temperate forests

For numerous taxa, species richness is much higher in tropical than in temperate zone habitats. A major challenge in community ecology and evolutionary biogeography is to reveal the mechanisms underlying these differences. For herbivorous insects, one such mechanism leading to an increased number of species in a given locale could be increased ecological specialization, resulting in a greater proportion of insect species occupying narrow niches within a community. We tested this hypothesis by comparing host specialization in larval Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) at eight different New World forest sites ranging in latitude from 15 degrees S to 55 degrees N. Here we show that larval diets of tropical Lepidoptera are more specialized than those of their temperate forest counterparts: tropical species on average feed on fewer plant species, genera and families than do temperate caterpillars. This result holds true whether calculated per lepidopteran family or for a caterpillar assemblage as a whole. As a result, there is greater turnover in caterpillar species composition (greater beta diversity) between tree species in tropical faunas than in temperate faunas. We suggest that greater specialization in tropical faunas is the result of differences in trophic interactions; for example, there are more distinct plant secondary chemical profiles from one tree species to the next in tropical forests than in temperate forests as well as more diverse and chronic pressures from natural enemy communities.     

Nitrogen loss from unpolluted South American forests mainly via dissolved organic compounds.

Conceptual and numerical models of nitrogen cycling in temperate forests assume that nitrogen is lost from these ecosystems predominantly by way of inorganic forms, such as nitrate and ammonium ions. Of these, nitrate is thought to be particularly mobile, being responsible for nitrogen loss to deep soil and stream waters. But human activities-such as fossil fuel combustion, fertilizer production and land-use change-have substantially altered the nitrogen cycle over large regions, making it difficult to separate natural aspects of nitrogen cycling from those induced by human perturbations. Here we report stream chemistry data from 100 unpolluted primary forests in temperate South America. Although the sites exhibit a broad range of environmental factors that influence ecosystem nutrient cycles (such as climate, parent material, time of ecosystem development, topography and biotic diversity), we observed a remarkably consistent pattern of nitrogen loss across all forests. In contrast to findings from forests in polluted regions, streamwater nitrate concentrations are exceedingly low, such that nitrate to ammonium ratios were less than unity, and dissolved organic nitrogen is responsible for the majority of nitrogen losses from these forests. We therefore suggest that organic nitrogen losses should be considered in models of forest nutrient cycling, which could help to explain observations of nutrient limitation in temperate forest ecosystems.     

Molecular demographic history of the Hainan Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron katsumatae) and its conservation implications

Knowledge of the historical responses of animal species to climate changes is critical for understanding their evolutionary history and conservation.During the late Quaternary period,Southeast Asia had a larger land area than today due to lower sea levels,and its terrestrial landscape was covered by extensive forests and savannah.To date,however,the general fluctuations in landscape distribution and their impacts on the demographics history of native species during the late Quaternary periods are still disputed.Specifically,the responses of animals on Hainan Island,which is located in the northernmost region of Southeast Asia,to historical climate changes,are poorly understood.Here,we performed a series of demographic analyses based on mitochondrial DNA genes to examine the response of the resident Hainan Peacock Pheasant(Polyplectron katsumatae) to climate change.Unlike the pattern of population collapse during the ice age and expansion during the warming period,we detected a historical expansion pattern in the demographic history of Hainan Peacock Pheasant through the late Quaternary period.It was concluded that the Hainan Peacock Pheasant survived through the late Quaternary periods,despite of its currently limited distribution and population size on Hainan Island.Anthropogenic influences must be considered in conservation planning due to their impacts on currently fragmented habitats and populations.     

中国山顶苔藓矮曲林的分布及其特征

利用实地调查和相关文献资料,确定山顶苔藓矮曲林在我国的分布情况,统计分析其植物组成成分和区系地理成分,并计算群落的相似性.结果表明:山顶苔藓矮曲林在我国南方大部分省区呈"岛屿"状分布,最北限位于河南伏牛山;其分布地点随着我国三级阶梯的地形变化及各山体具体海拔高度不同而不同;该类群落种类组成较为贫乏,共计蕨类植物16种,种子植物251种;其区系特点是深受热带亚热带区系的影响,又具有温带区系的性质;山顶苔藓矮曲林群落东西部差异较大,东部地区群落相似性较高;群落丰富度总体呈现出西高东低、南高北低的趋势.鉴于该类群落生境的独特性和分布的特殊性,一方面其生态系统比较脆弱,应加强保护;另一方面应开展广泛、详细的调查,对其进行系统、深入的研究.     

秦岭地区百合科药用植物资源多样性及其评价

调查研究结果表明，秦岭地区共有百合科药用植物26属69种，分别占本区百合科植物资源总属数的89．7％、总种数的57．0％，其中这些种的生活型以多年生草本为主；药用部位以根状茎类入药的最多，其次是鳞茎类，全草类位居第三；药用功能主要有解表药、清热药、补益药、化痰止咳平喘药和涌吐药等；药用成分主要含生物碱、强心苷及甾体皂苷类、醌类化合物、含硫化合物、多糖等．属、种的地理成分分析表明，属的地理成分以温带成分为主，占本区总属数的92．3％，温带成分中以东亚分布、北温带分布、东亚和北美洲间断分布为主，分别占本区温带分布属数的33．3％、29．2％和19．2％，热带成分仅占本区总属数的7．7％；种的地理成分以中国特有成分和东亚-成分（包括变型）为主，分别占本区总种数的58．0％和20．2％，热带成分仅有热带亚洲一个分布型，占本区总种数的8、7％．对69种药用植物进一步分析的基础上，制定了药用植物评价标准，并提出了保护和利用建议．     

基于色木枫转录组数据的核低拷贝基因引物开发

基于色木枫的转录组数据初步设计166对引物,并根据琼脂糖凝胶电泳与Sanger测序结果筛选出其中的26对核低拷贝基因引物．在东亚63个种群的182个个体中大批量扩增所开发引物,单倍型多样性范围为0.45~0.97,核苷酸多样性为(1.90~18.03)×10?3;9~15对引物可在金钱槭、茶条槭、青榨槭和鸡爪槭中扩增;STRUCTURE聚类结果与之前核微卫星研究结果类似,且展示了更多的谱系地理结构,结果表明引物多态性高、拓展性强、具有可靠性．本研究的转录组数据为槭属的研究提供重要遗传信息,所用方法被证明可以有效开发大量核低拷贝基因引物,已开发出的26对引物将为色木枫的进化历史和槭属系统发育研究提供丰富有效的分子标记．      

Surface pollen and vegetation reconstruction from central and northern mountains of Taiwan

Surface pollen from various montane vegetations in Shalixian Mt.and Lepei Mt.of central and northern Taiwan have been explored and analyzed.The pollen data were used to simulate vegetation types by using the biomisation technique,Computing three matrixes of pollen taxa , plant functional types and combined biomes,vegetation types at each site have been finally defined through the fuzz selections of a tie-breaking rule.The results show that surface pollen data can simulate the subtropical Castanopsis and Cyclobalanopsis forests.alpine warm-temperate Quercus and Quercus-Pinus forests,and alpine temperate/cool-temperate conifers of Tsuge-Picea and Picea-Abies forests.Simulated elevations of the,forests are similar to actual locations of the forests.This study can add vertical surface pollen data for extending investigation of various vegetation types in China,provide PFT schemes and vegetation types in low-latitude and montane areas,and be applied as modern analogues for fossil pollen in order to reconstruct Quaternary vegetations.     

贵州万山汞矿大水溪溪流生态系统苔藓植物研究

经野外采集和鉴定分析,贵州万山汞矿大水溪溪流生态系统苔藓植物由12科20属38种(含变种亚种)组成;其中,藓类含10科18属36种,苔类2科2属2种。丛藓科和真藓科为优势科,石灰藓属、真藓属、泽藓属为优势属。生活型含矮丛集型(44.74%)、高丛集型(36.84%)、交织型(13.16%)和平铺型(5.26%)4种类型。地理区系成分共7种,其中北温带分布、中国特有和热带亚洲为主要的地埋区系成分,具强烈的温热带性质,与该区地理位置和气候条件等相吻合,与种子植物的区系分布特点也一致。     

Density-dependent mortality and the latitudinal gradient in species diversity

Ecologists have long postulated that density-dependent mortality maintains high tree diversity in the tropics. If species experience greater mortality when abundant, then more rare species can persist. Agents of density-dependent mortality (such as host-specific predators, and pathogens) may be more prevalent or have stronger effects in tropical forests, because they are not limited by climatic factors. If so, decreasing density-dependent mortality with increasing latitude could partially explain the observed latitudinal gradient in tree diversity. This hypothesis has never been tested with latitudinal data. Here we show that several temperate tree species experience density-dependent mortality between seed dispersal and seedling establishment. The proportion of species affected is equivalent to that in tropical forests, failing to support the hypothesis that this mechanism is more prevalent at tropical latitudes. We further show that density-dependent mortality is misinterpreted in previous studies. Our results and evidence from other studies suggest that density-dependent mortality is important in many forests. Thus, unless the strength of density-dependent mortality varies with latitude, this mechanism is not likely to explain the high diversity of tropical forests.     

New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia

The timing of early human dispersal to Asia is a central issue in the study of human evolution. Excavations in predominantly lacustrine sediments at Majuangou, Nihewan basin, north China, uncovered four layers of indisputable hominin stone tools. Here we report magnetostratigraphic results that constrain the age of the four artefact layers to an interval of nearly 340,000 yr between the Olduvai subchron and the Cobb Mountain event. The lowest layer, about 1.66 million years old (Myr), provides the oldest record of stone-tool processing of animal tissues in east Asia. The highest layer, at about 1.32 Myr, correlates with the stone tool layer at Xiaochangliang, previously considered the oldest archaeological site in this region. The findings at Majuangou indicate that the oldest known human presence in northeast Asia at 40 degrees N is only slightly younger than that in western Asia. This result implies that a long yet rapid migration from Africa, possibly initiated during a phase of warm climate, enabled early human populations to inhabit northern latitudes of east Asia over a prolonged period.     

中国温带疏林的地理分布、生态地位及成因

 中国分布的疏林类型众多,除了在热带分布的疏林(或稀树干草原)外,还有温带阔叶疏林和温带山地针叶疏林两种生态系统,具体包括榆树(Ulmus pumila)疏林、天山云杉(Picea schrekiana)疏林、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)疏林、杜松(Juniperus rigida)疏林、樟子松(Pinus sylvestnis var. mongolica)疏林、西藏落叶松(Larix tibetica)疏林、亚东冷杉(Abies densa)疏林、巨柏(Cupressus gigantea)疏林、大果圆柏(Sabina tibetica)疏林、滇藏方枝柏(Sabina wallichiana)疏林、方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)疏林、大果红杉(Larix potaninii var. macrocarpa)疏林、西藏柏木(Cupressus torulosa)疏林、密枝圆柏(Sabina convallium)疏林、长叶松(Pinus roxburghii)疏林、云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)疏林、川西云杉(Picea likiangensis var. balfouriana)疏林、黄榆(Ulmus macrocarpa)疏林、臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)疏林等生态系统类型,疏林生态系统(或疏林植被)应该是介于森林和草原(或灌丛)之间的一种过渡的植被类型,是一种地带性植被类型.疏林的分布是系列生态因子综合作用的结果,但其决定因子是水分.在中国大陆,沿纬度梯度从低到高的地带性植被应为雨林、季雨林、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、疏林、灌丛或草原,从东到西沿经度梯度依次为(阔叶和针叶)森林、(阔叶和针叶)疏林、草原、荒漠.在高原地区,沿海拔梯度的分布从低到高主要是森林、疏林、灌丛、草原或草甸.与森林、灌丛和草原相比,疏林的分布面积相对较小.中国疏林的分布区域大体位于农牧交错带地区,即从森林到草原过渡的地区.对疏林成因的理解,有利于区域生态恢复措施的选择.     

赤水河谷上游地区苔藓植物区系初步研究——以茅台地区为例

赤水河谷上游是国酒茅台的水源地,是典型的亚热带河谷地带。通过对该地区201号标本的初步鉴定和统计,发现苔藓植物共计17科32属66种(含变种),苔门植物有5科6属9种;藓门植物有11科25属56种;角苔门植物1科1属1种[褐角苔Folioceros fusciformis(Mont.)Bharadw.]。生活型有3种:矮丛集型(68.18%),平铺型(13.64%)和交织型(18.18%),其中矮丛集型明显占有绝对优势,这可能与该地区亚热带河谷气候和植被有一定关系。区系地理成分共有13种类型,除世界广布成分外,该地区热带亚洲成分(25.49%),北温带成分(21.57%),中国特有种(15.67%)和东亚成分(15.67%)占有一定优势。     

杭州西溪湿地种子植物区系研究

在野外调查、标本检视和资料整理基础上,报道杭州西溪湿地种子植物(含栽培种)136科457属739种,其中,裸子植物6科14属17种(栽培);野生被子植物中,有双子叶植物78科212属338种、单子叶植物18科76属110种.被子植物各科含属数差异显著,含1属的科占优势,共54个,占总科数的56.25%.禾本科、菊科、豆...     

缙云山常绿阔叶林次生演替序列群落物种多样性动态研究

采用物种丰富度Ｓ和物种多样性香农指数Ｈ、物种均匀度指数Ｊ以多样性－面积曲线研究缙云山常绿阔叶林次生演替序列物种多样性近十年的变化,结果表明,１０年后,群落各层物种多样性指数均有下降趋势,草本层下降最为明显;群落及乔、灌木层的多样性指数（Ｓ,Ｈ,Ｊ）在演替中后期阶段均呈下降趋势,而演替前期的马尾松和林龄较短的混交林Ⅰ却有上升趋势;群落各层多样性最小面积按马尾松林、混交林到常绿阔叶林顺序增长,两个混交     

Paleoenvironmental information recorded by pollen in B-3GC gravity core in Okinawa Trough

Based on pollen records in B-3GC gravity core, environmental change since 9500 aBP of Okinawa Trough and its adjacent islands was derived. The result showed that the most time during this period was in a warm temperate climate except in middle Holocene (6800-4400 aBP) that was under subtropical climate control. During 9500–8300 aBP and 3100–2000 aBP periods, it appeared colder and drier than the rest time. The original area of pollen sources surrounding Okinawa Trough was covered by evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forest alternatively with mixed broad-leaf-conifer forest distributed in high mountainous areas. Usually, these three kinds of forests existed at the same time with difference in altitude. Pollen from subtropical and tropical plants increased obviously in about 5000–6000 aBP, reflecting a great lifting of vegetation zone and expansion of evergreen broad-leaf forest in the study area. However, there was a slight descending of plant zone and shrinking of evergreen broadleaf forest during 9500-8300 aBP and 3000-2000 aBP. During the remaining periods vegetation zone was higher than the present but in a limited range.     

云南地区种子植物属多样性的纬度格局与区系起源的关系

利用大尺度的种子植物物种分布信息,探讨了云南地区种子植物属多样性的纬度分布格局与区系起源的关系.结果表明:起源于热带地区的种子植物属多样性与纬度梯度呈负相关关系,这在一定程度上暗示着该植物类群存在着北上扩散的趋势;起源于温带地区的植物属多样性与纬度梯度呈正相关关系,暗示着其南下扩散的趋势.热带区系属的多样性纬度格局可能在一定程度上造成了总体属多样性在纬度梯度上递减.Rapoport法则可能更适用于起源于热带地区物种多样性格局的解释.     

General patterns of taxonomic and biomass partitioning in extant and fossil plant communities

A central goal of evolutionary ecology is to identify the general features maintaining the diversity of species assemblages. Understanding the taxonomic and ecological characteristics of ecological communities provides a means to develop and test theories about the processes that regulate species coexistence and diversity. Here, using data from woody plant communities from different biogeographic regions, continents and geologic time periods, we show that the number of higher taxa is a general power-function of species richness that is significantly different from randomized assemblages. In general, we find that local communities are characterized by fewer higher taxa than would be expected by chance. The degree of taxonomic diversity is influenced by modes of dispersal and potential biotic interactions. Further, changes in local diversity are accompanied by regular changes in the partitioning of community biomass between taxa that are also described by a power function. Our results indicate that local and regional processes have consistently regulated community diversity and biomass partitioning for millions of years.     

辽东半岛南部海陆风分析

辽东半岛南部位于亚洲东岸的季风区内。季风气压场、西风带下层移动性高低压系统、局地性海陆因子对气压场性质的日周期调整是影响该地风向的基本因子。本文引用分别位于东西岸的皮口和新金站1985年夏季连续风向资料,分析了各因子的影响与风频分布之间的关系、各因子对不同方向风频做出的贡献、确立了海陆风存在的事实。并在此基础上,分析了两岸海陆风的特点、规律和差异。