单锚节点水声网络高精度低开销初始化方法

网络初始化是网络协议正常运行的基础,共包括自定位及时间同步两部分。针对水声网络特点,提出一种仅采用单锚节点的参考节点自选则自定位算法,该算法仅采用一个锚节点,通过最优化选择参考节点,减小参考节点拓扑结构及网络测距误差对定位精度的影响,既有效解决了水声网络中锚节点少的问题,且提高了定位精度;在此基础上提出一种快速初始化方法,该方法将自定位与时间同步协同完成,使得网络可在较少的信息交互下快速实现初始化过程,减小通信开销及初始化时延,网络布放后可快速进入正常运行,提高网络工作效率。通过仿真得出,本文提出的方法较现有初始化方法锚节点需求少,定位精度高,初始化时延短、通信开销小,可以很好地应用于水声网络中。     

高密度无线传感器网络分簇定位算法

节点自身定位是无线传感器网络应用的支撑技术之一。提出了一种适用于大规模高密度无线传感器网络的分簇定位算法。首先定义了节点的势作为簇首选举依据,网络中节点间的距离由接收信号强度和通信半径的关系间接计算得到,各簇内的拓扑信息由簇首保存,簇首利用线性规划法实现簇内相对定位;随后从sink节点开始逐步进行簇间位置融合,最终实现全网的绝对定位。相比集中式的凸规划定位算法,所提算法计算复杂度低、通信量小、定位精度高,且不需要预先知道环境中的信号衰减因子,有一定的抗噪声干扰能力。仿真结果显示,在节点按均匀网格分布和均匀随机分布两种情况下,所提算法能取得较好的定位效果。     

水声传感器网络目标协同定位方法研究

水下传感器网络为水下目标的被动定位提供了新的思路,结合水下声信道的传输特性,研究了基于水下分布式传感器网络目标DOA值估计的最大似然被动定位算法.比较了最大似然定位算法在矩形和菱形网络拓扑结构中不同的定位精度,分析了目标不同声源级及网络规模对定位精度的影响,并与线性和非线性最小二乘定位算法的结果进行了对比,其定位精度优于两者.仿真结果验证了定位算法的有效性,所得结论为水下传感器网络进行目标被动定位提供了参考.     

基于星型配置策略的协同定位算法

为了改善无线传感器网络整体连通性,避免监控区域出现黑洞现象,提出了无线传感器网络节点的星型配置策略。通过RSSI和AOA相结合的协同定位算法实现了节点定位,算法中采用影射机制建立了传感器节点的平面坐标计算新方法。计算机仿真结果表明该算法能够明显提高节点的定位精度,定位精度小于1米。     

基于协议同步水下传感器网络目标协同定位算法

为了解决水下目标的定位问题,讨论了一种基于水下传感器阵列网络的目标协同定位算法。该算法在实现水下节点同步的基础上,通过建立目标位置与距离差测量值的统计模型后依据最大似然准则完成目标定位。定位算法的实现采用分布-集中相结合的处理方法,在提高定位精度的同时大大节省了水下节点通信能耗。通过仿真实验验证了算法的有效性和可行性,实验结果表明该方法具有较好的同步及目标定位精度。

Abstract：

A collaborative target location algorithm for underwater acoustic sensor networks （UASN） was proposed. The algorithm was achieved based on time synchronization for high transmitting delay for UASN. Target location was estimated by maximum-likelihood methods based on proposed statistical model which was established by the relation between target position and measured range difference. The proposed algorithm adopts the distributed-centralized computation methods,which degrade the transmitting energy comparing with traditional centralized methods. The result of simulation shows the application validity and the more location performance of the algorithm.     

基于多边约束的数据融合网络定位

无线传感网络定位方法近几年来受到广泛的关注。分布式算法是传感网络定位的一个主要要求,它不仅能减小计算和通信负载,同时对络的非连通性有很好的鲁棒性,对测量噪声克服也有一个很好的实现方案。虽然多种测量技术都能实现位置估计,但都存在某些不足。数据融合是一个很好的解决方案。提出了一个数据融合的结构和模糊优化数据融合算法。对每个节点的TOA和RSS数据进行融合。仿真表明位置估计的精度能够得到显著的改进,同时算法的复杂度也得到了降低。     

多UUV协同导航与定位研究

多水下无人航行器(UUV)协同导航定位技术是解决海洋中间层(Middle Depth Zone)水下导航问题的重要途径,研究了主从式多UUv基于水声传播延迟(Time-Of-Flight,TOF)的协同导航定位问题.主从式导航结构中,主UUV内部装备高精度导航设备,从UUV内部装备低精度导航设备,外部均装备水声装置测量相对位置关系,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法融合内部和外部传感器信息,对从UUV进行实时定位.研究结果表明,利用UUV的相对位置观测,可以显著提高导航定位精度.     

基于不完美CSI的水声自适应功率分配算法

水声信道面临带宽资源有限、环境复杂的问题，为提高水下通信速率，基于水声传感器网络的海洋应用提出自适应通信的需求。传统基于简单信噪比指标的自适应资源分配算法无法准确表述衰落信道的统计特征，利用强化学习和卷积神经网络预测信道的方法虽然可以提高一定信道状态信息(channel state information, CSI)的准确性，但这种方法需要长期的观测和大量的训练样本，不符合水声环境的实际情况。对比，构建了一种中继放大转发协作正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM)通信的模型，解决了由于节点漂浮导致直接通信传输效率变低的问题，并提出一种在时延反馈CSI中基于OFDM的自适应功率比特分配算法，利用条件概率表征不完美的CSI,调整自适应通信参数，进行遍历容量最大化建模。仿真结果表明，该算法实现功率和比特的联合自适应分配，平均传输速率指标优于直接反馈CSI的功率分配算法，虽然略低于采用马尔可夫链预测信道的方法，但结合算法复杂度来看，所提算法更简单，更适合能量有限的水声传感器网络。     

基于深度可调节节点的水声网络部署优化算法

为提高网络的有效覆盖率,提升对目标区域监测的质量,提出一种基于深度可调节节点的水声网络部署优化算法。算法中节点通过深度调节形成以sink节点为根节点的树形拓扑结构,实现网络的全连通。以最大化有效覆盖为目标,以保证节点间的有效连通为约束条件对节点覆盖的最优位置进行求解,优化节点部署。仿真结果表明,所提算法较基于voronoi图的深度调节算法和传感器节点深度调节进行自我部署，以实现最大化覆盖的部署算法。两种基于深度调节节点的算法实现了有效覆盖率的明显提升,在节点数量为60、感知半径为0.8 km时,有效覆盖率分别提高了11.87%和12.59%。同时网络中节点的平均连通度更高,拓扑结构更稳定,在动态的水声网络中性能更好。     

基于分治求精的无线传感器网络节点定位算法

节点自身定位是无线传感器网络应用的支撑技术之一。将分治法运用到无线传感器网络节点自身定位问题中,研究了锚节点位置关系对节点定位的影响,设计了基于分治求精的无线传感器网络节点定位算法(divide and conquer and refinement method based localization algorithm, DRBLA)。DRBLA采用先分而治之、再整体求精的思想,根据锚节点位置关系对定位的影响,有效筛选锚节点构成组合分别对未知节点初步定位,随后加权求精得出最终定位结果。DRBLA不需要额外添加硬件,通信量小且容易实现。仿真结果显示,相对于传统基于测距的定位算法,DRBLA具有明显的优越性,尤其是可以利用较少的锚节点取得较高的定位精度。     

Distributed event region fault-tolerance based on weighted distance for wireless sensor networks

Event region detection is the important application for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), where the existing faulty sensors would lead to drastic deterioration of network quality of service. Considering single-moment nodes fault-tolerance, a novel distributed fault-tolerant detection algorithm named distributed fault-tolerance based on weighted distance (DFWD) is proposed, which exploits the spatial correlation among sensor nodes and their redundant information. In sensor networks, neighborhood sensor nodes will be endowed with different relative weights respectively according to the distances between them and the central node. Having syncretized the weighted information of dual-neighborhood nodes appropriately, it is reasonable to decide the ultimate status of the central sensor node. Simultaneously, readings of faulty sensors would be corrected during this process. Simulation results demonstrate that the DFWD has a higher fault detection accuracy compared with other algorithms, and when the sensor fault probability is 10%, the DFWD can still correct more than 91% faulty sensor nodes, which significantly improves the performance of the whole sensor network.     

基于水下云边协同架构的珊瑚礁监测新机制

珊瑚礁是极具研究价值的海洋生态系统, 水声传感器网络(underwater acoustic sensor networks, UASNs)是监测与保护珊瑚礁系统的有效手段。然而, 随着水下传感设备的大规模应用, 感知数据的类型及数量大幅增加, 传统UASNs架构将原始数据直接上传至水面数据中心的集中处理方式给网络能耗和通信效率带来严峻挑战。本文构建了一种基于边缘计算的水下端边云系统架构, 并提出一种适用于该架构的两级协同珊瑚礁系统监测机制。该架构将复杂处理任务从远程云中心分散至边缘端, 减轻了云端处理负荷。该机制由两级监测环节组成, 同时包含了端侧图像处理和端边协同数据检测策略, 实现了机器学习任务的边缘侧执行和数据的原位处理。实验结果表明, 本文研究能够明显减少网络数据流量, 有效降低网络能耗及传输时延, 显著延长网络生命周期。     

Distributed localization for anchor-free sensor networks

Geographic location of nodes is very useful in a sensor network. Previous localization algorithms assume that there exist some anchor nodes in this kind of network, and then other nodes are estimated to create their coordinates. Once there are not anchors to be deployed, those localization algorithms will be invalidated. Many papers in this field focus on anchor-based solutions. The use of anchors introduces many limitations, since anchors require external equipments such as global position system, cause additional power consumption. A novel positioning algorithm is proposed to use a virtual coordinate system based on a new concept--virtual anchor. It is executed in a distributed fashion according to the connectivity of a node and the measured distances to its neighbors. Both the adjacent member information and the ranging distance result are combined to generate the estimated position of a network, one of which is independently adopted for localization previously. At the position refinement stage the intermediate estimation of a node begins to be evaluated on its reliability for position mutation; thus the positioning optimization process of the whole network is avoided falling into a local optimal solution. Simulation results prove that the algorithm can resolve the distributed localization problem for anchor-free sensor networks, and is superior to previous methods in terms of its positioning capability under a variety of circumstances.     

Multiple vehicle signals separation based on particle filtering in wireless sensor network

A novel statistical method based on particle filtering is presented for multiple vehicle acoustic signals separation problem in wireless sensor network. The particle filtering method is able to deal with non-Gaussian and nonlinear models and non-stationary sources. Using some instantaneously mixed observations of several real-world vehicle acoustic signals, the proposed statistical method is compared with a conventional non-stationary Blind Source Separation algorithm and attractive simulation results are achieved. Moreover, considering the natural convenience to transmit particles between sensor nodes, the algorithm based on particle filtering is believed to have potential to enable the task of multiple vehicles recognition collaboratively performed by sensor nodes in distributed wireless sensor network.     

Impact of small-world topologies on broadcasting for wireless sensor networks

Broadcasting is an important operation and been widely used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). These networks are power constrained as nodes operate with limited battery power. Wireless sensor networks are spatial graphs that have much more clustered and much high path-length characteristics. After considering energy-efficient broadcasting in such networks, by combining the small-world characteristic of WSNs and the properties of ant algorithm to quickly identify an optimal path, small-world power-aware broadcast algorithm is introduced and evaluated. Given different densities of network, simulation results show that our algorithm significantly improves life of networks and also reduces communication distances and power consumption.     

水下目标的特征提取及识别

针对水下成像的特殊性以及成像环境的复杂性,构造了基于区域矩的仿射变换不变量,以克服水下不确定因素给目标识别带来的困难。此外针对传统的BP神经网络存在收敛速度慢以及容易陷入局部极小值的缺点,引入粒子群算法对神经网络的学习训练进行优化。为了验证所提方法的有效性,对四类水下目标进行了特征提取以及神经网络识别实验。结果表明改进后的神经网络收敛速度快,并且获得了较高的识别准确率。