蒙古国煤水蒸气气化制合成气及其热力学特性

对来自蒙古国不同地区的4种煤样的水蒸气气化性能进行系统研究,考察了4种煤样水蒸气气化合成气的组成与生成规律;讨论了热力学平衡对4种煤样气化反应的影响。研究发现,巴嘎诺尔煤(BN)、纳赖呼煤(NL)和阿拉格陶盖煤(AT)的水蒸气气化反应性能明显高于塔本陶勒盖煤(TT)。BN、NL和AT煤可通过水蒸气气化反应制高H2含量、低CO含量的合成气,而TT煤水蒸气气化合成气中CO的含量相对较高。造成这种现象的原因是BN、NL和AT煤气化过程中水煤气变化反应(WGSR)进行的较为彻底,消耗了煤与水蒸气直接气化反应所生成的CO,生成更多的H2,而TT煤WGSR进行程度较低,故其合成气中CO含量较高,因此认为热力学平衡是造成不同种类蒙古国煤水蒸气气化特性存在差异的重要因素。     

加压气化制合成气煤种实验室评价

该文选取开滦东欢坨低灰、高灰、林南仓、崔家寨低灰、高灰和新疆煤等六个煤样,在煤质分析的基础上,进行了湿法料浆加压气化制合成气的实验室煤种评价,对企业科学使用气化用煤提供了借鉴。     

串行流化床生物质气化费托(FT)合成的模拟

文章以生物质稻秸为研究对象,利用Aspen Plus软件建立了串行流化床生物质合成气费托(FischerTropsch,FT)合成的模型,研究了不同反应条件包括气化温度、气化压力、气化过程水蒸气与生物质的比率(m(S)/m(B))、合成气中n(H_2)/n(CO)、合成温度以及合成压力对合成工艺的影响。结果表明,采用蛋壳型钴基催化剂,对于制费托合成油为目的的串行流化床生物质气化系统,用于费托合成的适宜工况条件为:建议气化温度850℃左右,气化压力0.1MPa,m(S)/m(B)约为0.4,合成气中n(H_2)/n(CO)保持在2.0~2.1之间,合成反应温度取220℃为佳,反应压力选取2.0MPa左右。在此工况下,每kg稻秸可以获得约为0.54mol的费托合成油。     

等离子体热解生物质的合成气发电及热力学分析

为研究生物质热解发电技术,该文利用ASPEN PLUS化工通用模拟软件建立等离子喷动-流化床热解生物质及合成气发电的模型。针对生物质在等离子体喷动-流化床中的氧气气化过程,模拟计算热解合成气的气体组分。以M701F型燃气轮机为模拟对象,模拟合成气发电系统并进行结果分析。分别对气化温度为400℃、500℃、600℃、700℃、800℃的气化系统和发电系统进行热力学分析,并计算其能量、、能量效率、效率及综合效率。研究发现,在气化剂温度从400℃上升至800℃的过程中,气化系统的效率为59%~60%,能量效率为57%~61%,气化系统的效率普遍低于相应的能量效率。合成气发电系统的发电效率为26%~28%,高于传统热解燃气的发电效率。     

烘焙对于典型厨余组分共气化特性影响研究

采取烘焙的预处理手段,以大米、菜叶及猪肉为3类典型厨余代表,分析3种典型厨余原样及烘焙样2组分混合共气化过程中合成气生成特性．实验结果表明：菜叶中碱/碱土金属元素在气化过程中具有催化作用,在共气化过程中能够促进合成气生成,烘焙预处理将进一步促进协同作用效果．大米和猪肉共气化过程加剧了半焦中多环芳香稠环形成,对气化产生抑制作用,而烘焙预处理能够改善该抑制作用．     

基于Gibbs最小自由能的两段式下吸式固定床稻草气化过程的模拟研究

本文提出了一种新的稻草资源化利用方案,通过两段式下吸式固定床对稻草进行气化制取合成气,使用基于Gibbs最小自由能的研究方法对该方案各项指标进行预测﹒研究显示:提高气化温度可以提高合成气中H_2和CO的浓度,建议气化反应温度设定为800℃;气化反应器的压力只需要稍微高于大气压,该值取0.12MPa就可达到制取合成气的要求;S/B的取值应根据气化的目的来确定合适的参数;气化过程中有必要加入CaO作为催化剂,CaO/B的最佳值为1.8﹒     

基于不同气化剂的BGL炉煤气化的模拟和优化

煤气化工艺作为煤制天然气的重要环节,是实现煤炭资源清洁利用的关键。基于化工流程模拟软件Aspen Plus建立BGL(British Gas Lurgi)炉煤气化工艺,以合成气有效成分、制气效率及水蒸气分解率为评价指标,考察常规气化技术中气化剂操作参数对工艺的耦合作用,得出最优气化剂组成及预热温度;同时,为解决煤气化过程中CO_2排放量大及氢碳比较低的问题,分别引入CO_2、CH_4对气化剂进行改进,进一步优化气化剂组成。结果表明:在常规气化技术中,m_(O_2)/m_(Coal)=0.33、m_(H_2O)/m_(Coal)=0.14为最优气化剂组成,220℃为最优气化剂预热温度;在改进气化技术中,m_(CO_2)/m_(H_2O)=0.18,m_(CH_4)/m_(H_2O)=0.08为最优气化剂组成。     

温度及水洗预处理对生物质氧气-水蒸气气化特性的影响

为研究气化温度和水洗预处理对玉米秸秆氧气-水蒸气气化特性的影响,借助扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、比表面积与孔隙度分析仪、气相色谱仪(GC)和气质联用仪(GC-MS)等表征不同工况下的气化产物。研究结果表明：在400℃和600℃下制得的焦油中2,3-二氢苯并呋喃的质量分数最高,在800℃和1 000℃下制得的焦油中苯酚的质量分数最高。从400℃到1 000℃,含氧官能团取代的芳香族化合物逐渐转变为多环芳烃,苯酚的质量分数从5.07%增加至17.37%,合成气中H₂和CO的体积分数升高,CH₄和CO₂的体积分数降低,热值和H₂与CO的物质的量比增加。水洗预处理降低了在800℃下由玉米秸秆气化所得合成气中H₂和CO的体积分数,其热值较水洗前降低了2.55%。水洗后制得的生物质焦比表面积、总孔体积和平均孔径均增大,促进了焦油的裂解反应,提高了CO₂和CH₄的产率。水洗促进了焦油中M1类化合物的形成,抑制了环烷烃、多环芳香...     

几种医疗垃圾高温水蒸汽气化模拟研究

针对乳胶手套、棉花和输液器三种典型有机医疗废物,以高温水蒸气作为气化剂;基于吉布斯自由能最小化原理,对三种医疗废物高温水蒸气气化的热力学问题进行模拟研究。探讨原料种类、气化温度和水蒸气通入量等影响因素,对合成气组分、产气量和产气低位热值等评价指标的影响规律。模拟结果表明:在同一工况下,原料中的氢、氧含量决定合成气中的氢气与碳氧化物的产量;反应温度与水蒸气-医疗垃圾质量比(S/W)可改变合成气各产气组分及低位热值,得出最佳反应温度为800℃、S/W为2.0。     

煤与生物质流化床水蒸气共气化

采用单一流化床二步气化方法,以煤作为热载体与发热体,水蒸气作为气化剂,在流化床试验装置上进行生物质(稻壳和木屑)气化的试验研究,考察反应温度(t)、水蒸气与生物质的质量比对燃气组分、氢产率和潜在氢产率的影响。实验结果表明,随着反应温度的升高,H2浓度、氢产率和潜在氢产率都不断增加,而H2与CO体积比逐渐减小;随着水蒸气与生物质的质量比的增大,H2浓度、H2与CO体积比、氢产率和潜在氢产率均不断增加,而CO与CO2体积比呈减小趋势。生产氢的最佳条件:t=1 025℃、水蒸气与生物质质量比为2。在最佳条件下,进一步研究了生物质种类对氢产率的影响。木屑气化制氢优于稻壳气化制氢,木屑气化所获得的氢产率(61.7g H2/kg)约为稻壳气化所获得氢产率(53.4 g H2/kg)的1.2倍。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the