二异丁基乙缩醛的合成

以三聚乙醛和异丁醇为原料，合成了二异丁基乙缩醛．考察了不同催化剂及反应条件对此反应的影响．结果表明：当用HCl作催化剂，异丁醇：三聚乙醛为3.65，反应温度为55℃，反应时间为24h时，产物中二异丁基乙缩醛的浓度可达70％（t．）．     

异丙醇一步法联产甲基异丁基酮和二异丁基酮的催化剂性能评价

采用等温积分反应器，在常压、250℃和液相空速1 h^-1条件下，对国产Cu—ZnO—A12O3复合型多功能催化剂上、异丙醇一步法联产甲基异丁基酮(MIBK)和二异丁基酮(DIBK)的反应性能进行了实验评价．结果表明，该催化剂对MIBK和DIBK的生成具有良好的初始活性和选择性；但随运行周期的延长，尽管其脱氢能力和对异丙醇与丙酮缩合脱水生成MIBK的能力相对稳定，但对MIBK与异丙醇缩合脱水生成DIBK的能力明显降低．反应物相中少量丙酮的存在有利于催化剂活性、MIBK和DIBK选择性的提高，但过量丙酮的存在对合成反应不利．因此，活性组分之问协同作用功能的进一步设计和适宜合成条件的选取，是提高异丙醇一步法联产MIBK和DIBK合成催化剂性能的两条重要途径。     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化合成异丁醛1，2-丙二醇缩醛的研究

在强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化剂存在下,以异丁醛、1,2-丙二醇为原料,直接合成异丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛．分别研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、带水剂、催化剂用量等条件对合成反应的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件：反应温度90-95℃,反应时间2．5h,n（异丁醛）：n（1,2-丙二醇）=1：1．2,催化剂用量1．5g,带水剂环己烷40mL（异丁醛为0．1mol的情况下）．异丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的收率达到91．16％,产品纯度w（异丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛）达到98．5％以上．催化剂不经处理可多次循环使用．该催化剂具有价廉易得、催化活性好、不腐蚀设备、无环境污染等优点．     

用离子交换树脂－Pd催化丙酮和氢气一步法合成甲基异丁基酮的研究

以较为简便的方法制备了几种离子交换树脂－Ｐｄ催化剂，并将此类双功能催化剂用于丙酮和氢气一步法合成甲基异丁基酮（ＭＩＢＫ）．实验发现，催化剂的吸氢越大，反应选择性越好；而其交换容量过高则降低了选择性，升高温度有利于提高反应活性和选择性，但有一适宜值增大丙酮空速（ＬＨＳＶ）降低了反应活性和选择性，压力对反应影响不大．在各种树脂－Ｐｄ催化剂中Ｐｄ－干氢树脂（Ｐｄ－ＤＨ）的性能最好．在较佳的反应条件：温度１３０℃，压力２ＭＰａ，ＬＨＳＶ５ｈ－１，氢酮比０．４下，用ｐｄ—ＤＨ催化合成ＭＩＢＫ，丙酮转化率为４８％，ＭＩＢＫ选择性可达９８％．     

莰烯合成甲基丙烯酸异冰片基氧乙基酯的研究

以莰烯、乙二醇、甲基丙烯酸甲酯为原料,经过醚化和酯交换反应合成了光固化涂料用活性稀释剂甲基丙烯酸异冰片基氧乙基酯(IBOEMA),采用GC-MS、IR等分析手段对合成产物的结构进行了分析测定.在莰烯与乙二醇的醚化过程中,以A-15作醚化催化剂,探讨了A-15用量、乙二醇与莰烯的物质量之比、反应温度、反应时间等对异冰片基羟乙基醚得率的影响.采用正交试验确定了异冰片基羟乙基醚的适宜合成条件:催化剂A-15的用量为6.0％,反应温度90℃,反应时间9h,乙二醇与莰烯的物质量之比为3.5∶1.0.在此条件下,莰烯转化率、反应选择性及产物得率分别达79％、93％和74％以上.在异冰片基羟乙基醚酯交换合成IBOEMA过程中,以环己烷为溶剂,反应在回流状态下进行,探讨了催化剂种类及用量、异冰片基羟乙基醚与甲基丙烯酸甲酯物质的量之比、反应时间、阻聚剂的种类和用量等对IBOEMA得率的影响.通过正交试验确定了异冰片基羟乙基醚与甲基丙烯酸甲酯酯交换反应的适宜工艺条件:以环己烷为溶剂进行回流反应,环己烷与异冰片基羟乙基醚物质的量之比为37∶1,甲基丙烯酸甲酯与异冰片基羟乙基醚的物质量之比为1.25∶1.00,催化剂KOH的用量为3％,反应时间8h,吩噻嗪用量为1％.在此条件下,异冰片基羟乙基醚的转化率、反应选择性及产物得率分别达91％、93％和85％以上.     

载Ni碱性沸石催化丙酮一步法合成甲基异丁基酮

利用化学浸渍法制备了系列Ｎｉ－ Ｋ／ＮａＸ复合型催化剂,用于常压下催化丙酮一步法合成甲基异丁基酮,考察了催化剂组成及反应条件对反应性能的影响．经筛选得到了催化剂体系的最佳组成及催化反应的最佳条件,在该条件下,丙酮的转化率达４３．５％ ,甲基异丁基酮的选择性达８３％ ．     

硫酸氢钠催化合成乙酸异戊酯

以乙酸和异戊酸为原料，采用硫酸氢钠为催化剂合成了乙酸异戊酯，当反应时间为1h，醇酸物质的量比为1：3，催化剂用量为醇酸总量的3．0％，反应温度为130～135℃，酯的产率可达85％以上。     

硫酸氢钠催化合成异戊酸异戊酯的研究

利用硫酸氢钠作为酯化反应催化剂合成了异戊酸异戊酯，其最佳反应条件为：催化剂用量1.Og，醇酸摩尔比1．5：1．0，带水剂甲苯10ml，反应时间1．5h，酯化率可达90．3％。该催化剂易分离回收，可重复使用。     

Ti(SO4)2催化合成苯甲酸异戊酯绿色新工艺

研究了应用Ti(SO4)2催化合成苯甲酸异戊酯的绿色新工艺，结果表明，Ti(S04)2在该反应中具有很好的催化性能，并得到了合成苯甲酸异戊酯的新工艺条件是：催化剂用量为苯甲酸质量的10．0％；醇酸摩尔比为3：1；反应在回流温度下进行3h，苯甲酸的酯化率可达98．85％，纯度在99．o％以上。     

相转移催化合成乙酸异丁酯

利用相转移催化剂催化合成乙酸异丁酯．最佳反应条件如下：催化剂用量0．5g／0．1mol异丁醇、酸醇比1．2：1．反应时间100分钟．收率77．36％。实验证明，相转移催化对该酯化反应是高效、低成本和实用的合成方法。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.