伴随南海季风爆发区域尺度环流演变机理的诊断分析和数值模拟

利用1957－1998年NCEP／NCAR候平均再分析资料，分析伴随南海夏季风爆发中南半岛和南海地区环流系统的演变，揭示该地区热力特征与南海夏季风爆发之间的可能联系。结果发现，不同高度上标志着南海爆发的环流系统如500hPa上的副热带高压、200hPa上的南亚高压以及850hPa 上的孟加拉湾低槽等系统在南海季风爆发期间具有显的变化特征，对流层中高层以上的环流系统反映了大尺度环流的季节变化特征，而对流层低层环流系统的变化可能与局地特征具有密切关系。从中南半岛和南海两个地区地面感热和潜热加热与该地区温压场变化之间的关系上看，中南半岛地区的热力作用对南海季风爆发期间区域环流系统演变具有重要作用，数值试验结果进一步证实了这一点。     

东海PN断面障碍层和水团的季节变化特征及其可能联系

本文利用PN断面的高分辨率海水温-盐-深剖面测量仪(CTD)温度、盐度和密度资料进行分析,发现PN断面处的水团有明显的陆架水和黑潮水的交汇特征,且随着季节的变化PN断面处的水团特征也发生明显的变化.通过观测资料还确定了PN断面处障碍层是常年存在的而且具有显著的季节变化.采用曲线族拟合的水团分析方法,根据不同季节PN断面上陆架水和黑潮水的混合特征,证明了水团混合在障碍层形成及季节变化中的重要作用,发现障碍层的季节变化与陆架水团和黑潮水团混合的季节变化密切相关.夏季,陆架水团向外海延伸,浮置于黑潮水之上,此时障碍层深度最浅,障碍层厚度最大;秋季,黑潮水离岸最近,将黑潮水与陆架水的交汇处向西压迫至陆架内,此时几乎不存在障碍层,零星存在的障碍层深度较深,厚度是一年当中最薄的;冬季,由于黑潮水的核心相对于秋季向深海移动,使得陆架混合水也相应地向外海拓展,而且此时陆架水与黑潮水的交汇处不只在混合层内而是影响到跃层,此季节障碍层是一年当中深度最深,厚度最厚的;春季,黑潮水的核心以及两种水团的交汇处相对于冬季的位置更向深海移动,所以此时PN断面上的障碍层深度和厚度相对于冬季变化不大,只是位置东移.海面风场和净热通量场通过改变...     

Trends of sea level rise in the South China Sea during the 1990s: An altimetry result

Using 7 years of TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimetry data, we have identified a general trend of sea level rising in the South China Sea between January 1993 and December 1999. The estimated bulk rising rate of the entire basin is -1 cm/a. The rise of sea level appears to be spatially non-homogeneous, which shows a highest rate of 2.7 cm/a in the deep basin west of Luzon and generally low (even negative) rates over the shallow continental shelves. It is believed that the observed rapid rising of sea level is a regional phenomenon and is mainly caused by warming of the upper layer of the South China Sea, which showed a bulk warming rate of 0.15℃/a in the same period. It is also suggested that the observed rising trend is mainly a decadal signal, which is possibly associated with decadal variation of the Pacific warm pool region.     

南海夏季风爆发与华南前汛期锋面降水气候平均的联系

利用1958-2000年NCEP/NCAR再分析日平均资料、中国气象局气候中心常规地面观测日降水资料,从气候平均角度诊断分析了南海夏季风爆发和撤退前后大气结构特征及其与南亚季风的差异,探讨华南前汛期锋面降水对南海夏季风爆发的可能影响。结果表明:①季节转换期间南海地区大气热力结构、动力结构的配置具有与孟加拉湾和南亚地区明显不同的特征,大气低层(850 hPa以下)温度梯度的逆转(由负变正)发生在西南季风爆发之后。②850hPa西风建立在南海大气低层(850 hPa以下)经向温度梯度为弱负值的时候,是受热成风约束的结果。③季节转换期间南海地区大气热力结构、动力结构的配置具有独特性,是由于东亚地区独特的地理位置,受来源于中纬度冷空气影响的缘故。④随着华南降水强度加强,对流释放潜热加热了中高层大气,有利于南海经向温度梯度的逆转,从而在热成风关系约束下使高层南亚高压的北移,因此华南前汛期第一阶段锋面降水是南海夏季风爆发的有利因素。     

Observational study of the circulation in the southern South China Sea

CTD data from two oceanographic survey cruises, conducted by “Shiyan No. 3” R/V during two reversing monsoons, were employed to calculate and analyze the distributions of temperature, salinity and geopotential anomaly in the southern South China Sea (SSCS). Based on these distributions, the horizontal structures of the SSCS circulation are described systematically. Study results show that the SSCS circulation structure could be classified as a two-layer (the upper and the lower) pattern, and that the main circulation in the upper layer (0–400 m) is driven by the South China Sea monsoons and is opposite in direction to the reversal of the monsoons. The distributions of principal current systems and their features are presented. Two important local phenomena, local eddy and oceanic front, were observed.     

记录:1 024 AD前后南中国海最强烈的灾难事件

在南海东岛牛塘海鸟粪土沉积层中发现一岩性明显不同于上、下层位的珊瑚砂夹层.通过对沉积柱DY4进行详细的粒度特征、元素地球化学和生物残留分析,结果表明58~69 cm深度的珊瑚砂夹层对应于一次突然的海洋沉积环境事件,很可能与历史时期一次最强台风袭击所导致的冲溢沉积有关.对临近该珊瑚砂夹层的上、下沉积物中(57~58 cm和70~71 cm)多粒陆地植物颖果进行8个样品的AMS14C测年分析,发现上、下两个年龄组非常接近,珊瑚砂夹层沉积大约发生在994~1 075 AD之间,平均中间年龄大约为1 024 AD史前的这次强台风袭击对东岛的生态环境很可能造成了严重的破坏.     

Simulation of meridional overturning in the upper layer of the South China Sea with an idealized bottom topography

The South China Sea (SCS) is the largest marginal sea in the northwestern Pacific. Several important water gateways exist around the SCS, such as Luzon Strait, Taiwan Strait, etc., that lie in the northeastern SCS, and others like Kalimantan Strait, Balawan Strait, etc., lie in the south. Luzon Strait connects the SCS and Pacific via the Philippine Sea, and its water exchange has significant impact on the interior circulations of the SCS[1]. Since direct observation data about the …     

Intraseasonal variability of the subsurface temperature observed in the South China Sea (SCS)

Using Morlet wavelet transform we investi- gated the intraseasonal variability of the subsurface tem- perature in the SCS by analyzing ATLAS mooring data ob- tained during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX). It is found for the first time that subsurface temperature in the SCS exists intraseasonal variability, par ticularly in winter. The strongest intraseasonal variability ranges from 50 to 100 m with its maximum amplitude about 1.0-2.0℃. The subsurface temperature intraseasonal vari- ability in the SCS is primarily induced by local wind stress curl via adjusting the vertical displacement of thermocline. It reveals the important characteristic of intraseasonal varia- tions in the SCS upper ocean vertically.     

Simulation or meridional overturning in the upper layer of the South China Sea with an idealized bottom topography

The large-scale upper circulations and meridional overturning in the upper layer of the South China Sea (SCS) with idealized bottom topography in winter and summer are investigated. Simulations with the GFDL general circulation model are carried out under the conditions of open or enclosed boundary regarding transport in the Luzon Strait. The intrusion area of Kuroshio, its impact on the meridional overturning in the upper layer of the SCS and seasonal characteristic of this impact are explored, respectively. The model is forced by climatological wind stress and relaxed to monthly mean climatological temperature and salinity. The resultant meridional overturning is non-enclosed, wit htransporting from north to south in the surface and returning to north at the depth of about 500 m in winter, about 200 m in summer, with amplitudes of 10^5 m^3/s. It shows the transporting path of intermediate water of the SCS and offers an idealized reference for further study on dynamics of wind-driven and thermohaline circulation of the SCS.     

南海夏季风爆发与华南前汛期锋面降水异常变化的联系

利用1958-2000年NCEP/NCAR再分析日平均资料、中国气象局气候中心常规地面观测日降水资料,分析南海夏季风爆发异常情况下大气结构的变化特征,讨论华南冷空气活动、前汛期锋面降水情况与南海夏季风爆发异常之间的关系。结果表明:①南海夏季风爆发日期的异常变化主要取决于低层纬向风变化。②200 hPa以下对流层温度经向梯度逆转较早(晚),并且有(无)从上往下逐渐传播的变化趋势,则南海夏季风爆发偏早(晚)。③华南春季冷空气活跃(不活跃),降水偏多(偏少),南海季风爆发偏早(晚)。④综合提出了一个关于华南冷空气活动、锋面降水与夏季风爆发之间关系的物理概念模型。     

Barrier layer in the northeastern South China Sea and its formation mechanism

A VERTICALLY UNIFORM LAYER OF TEMPERATURE(ISOTHERMAL LAYER),SALINITY(ISOHALINE LAYER)AND DENSITY(MIXED LAYER)IS USUALLY FORMED IN THE UPPER OCEAN DUE TO THE WIND STIRRING.UNDERNEATH IS THE LAYER WITH RELATIVELY STRONG VERTICAL GRADIENT AS THE THERMOCLINE,…     

Internal tide characteristics over northern South China Sea continental slope

21-day in-situ ADCP current and CTD data from an anchored observational station by R/V Shiyan 3 are used to investigate the characteristics of intemal tide in the northern South China Sea continental slope. The results show that tide and internal tide are both mixed type in the observed region and dominated by diurnals; the maximum internal tidal major axes of K1, O1 were largest and reached 11 cm/s, 10 cm/s, respectively, and their current vectors rotate anticlockwise. The 300 m-deep internal tide presents obvious quasi-diurnal oscillation and its average amplitude reaches 50 m. Furthermore, internal tide carried high energy; in the upper layers above 140 m, the kinetic energy of intemal tides accounts for 15%--37% of overall kinetic energy, most of internal tide energy concentrates around the thermocline.     

The 1997-1998 warm event in the South China Sea

A strong warm event happens during spring 1997 to spring 1999 in the South China Sea. Its intensity and duration show that it is the strongest event on the record over the past decades. It also corresponds with the severe flood over the valley of the Yangtze River and a couple of marine environmental events. This note addressed the evolution process by using several data sets, such as sea surface temperature, height and wind stress in addition to subsurface temperature. The onset of the warm event almost teleconnects with the El Ni?o event in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Summer monsoon is stronger and winter monsoon is weaker in 1997 so that there are persistent westerly anomalies in the South China Sea. During the development phase, the warm advection caused by southerly anomalies is the major factor while the adjustment of the thermocline is not obvious. Subsequently, the southerly anomalies decay and even northerly anomalies appear in the summer of 1998 resulting from the weaker than normal summer monsoon in 1998 in the South China Sea. The thermocline develops deeper than normal, which causes the downwelling pattern and the start of the maintaining phase of the warm event. Temperature anomalies in the southern South China Sea begin to decay in the winter of 1998-1999 and this warm event ends in the May of 1999.     

南海夏季风建立期间副高带断裂和东撤及其可能机制

使用1998年南海夏季风试验（SCSMEX）资料和日本气象研究所（MRI）所提供的TBB资料，分析了南海夏季风建立期间副高带断裂和东撤过程的主要特征及其可能机制。发现北半球副热带高压带的断裂（低层早于高层）和印缅槽（或孟加拉湾槽）的形成是南海夏季风建立的重要前期征兆之一，也为副高东撤和南海夏季风的建立提供了重要条件。斯里兰卡附近低涡的持续北移是副高断裂和印缅槽建立过程的显特征。分析表明，南海夏季风建立之前，印度半岛的感热加热和中南半岛的潜热加热所激发的气旋性流场在孟加拉湾地区是相互迭加的，这有利于孟加拉湾低涡活动和低槽的形成，这可能是副高断裂和印缅槽活跃的机制。伴随着印缅前西南气流和赤道副高东撤、季风加强和对流加热之间存在一种正反馈作用，这导致了副高的连续东撤和南海夏季风的“爆发性”以及各种要素的突变特征。当南海夏季风对流减弱后，西太平洋副高则会西伸。     

The 1997–1998 warm event in the South China Sea

A strong warm event happens during spring 1997 to spring 1999 in the South China Sea. Its intensity and duration show that it is the strongest event on the record over the past decades. It also corresponds with the severe flood over the valley of the Yangtze River and a couple of marine environmental events. This note addressed the evolution process by using several data sets, such as sea surface temperature, height and wind stress in addition to subsurface temperature. The onset of the warm event almost teleconnects with the El Niño event in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Summer monsoon is stronger and winter monsoon is weaker in 1997 so that there are persistent westerly anomalies in the South China Sea. During the development phase, the warm advection caused by southerly anomalies is the major factor while the adjustment of the thermocline is not obvious. Subsequently, the southerly anomalies decay and even northerly anomalies appear in the summer of 1998 resulting from the weaker than normal summer monsoon in 1998 in the South China Sea. The thermocline develops deeper than normal, which causes the downwelling pattern and the start of the maintaining phase of the warm event. Temperature anomalies in the southern South China Sea begin to decay in the winter of 1998–1999 and this warm event ends in the May of 1999.     

华南春旱特征及其与水汽输送的关系

利用1979-2005年华南47个基准站降水资料及由NCAR/NCEP II再分析资料计算所得的水汽输送通量资料,对华南春季降水特征及其与水汽输送的关系进行研究,结果表明:华南春季降水可以110.5°E为界划分为两个区域,以东区域为华南I区,以西区域为华南II区。I区降水具有显著的下降趋势,即干旱趋势显著;而II区降水下降趋势要弱得多,未超过信度检验。此外,I区降水在1994年发生突变,由多雨期突然跃变到干旱期。华南春季水汽主要来源于南海和西太平洋,并经中南半岛转向输送到华南,当南海中北部的偏南水汽输送偏弱(强)时,I区降水偏少(多),I区偏旱(涝),当南海西南部-中南半岛南部的偏南水汽输送偏弱(强)时,II区降水偏少(多),II区偏旱(涝)。     

Evidence for thermocline ventilation in the South China Sea in winter

Based on analysis of Levitus data in the South China Sea (SCS), this note addresses the seasonal feature of the mixed layer and thermocline in the northern SCS in winter, and demonstrates thermocline ventilation during the winter period. The ventilated thermocline is isopycnic layers between sigma 22.0 and 23.5, the other layers beneath is not ventilated yet. The process of thermocline ventilation is accompanied by detrainment water from the mixed layer into the thermocline at the outcropping line and moves to the south. Forced by subduction, the seasonal southward propagating signal also appears in the unventilated thermocline. The horizontal component of the signal propagatesalong the isoline of potential vorticity (PV), in other words, moves around a seasonal PV pool.     

Heat exchange at air-sea interface in the South China Sea during monsoon periods in 1986

Air-sea interaction is achieved by air-sea interface flux exchange. Therefore, general attention has been paid to connective researches of the air-sea interface flux exchange and the burst of the summer monsoon in the South China Sea. Some preliminary res…     

费尔干纳盆地巴特肯地区混合沉积的特征及成因

 综合应用岩心、测录井、铸体薄片、扫描电镜等多种资料及测试手段,对中亚费尔干纳盆地巴特肯地区白垩系-古近系混合沉积特征进行研究,分析混合沉积成因,并探索混合沉积与油气的关系。结果表明,费尔干纳盆地巴特肯地区白垩系-古近系发育的混合沉积,包括混积岩和混积层系两种形式,其中,混积岩主要为含陆源碎屑-碳酸盐岩和陆源碎屑质-碳酸盐岩,混积层系主要为碳酸盐岩-混积岩层系和陆源碎屑岩-混积岩层系;混合沉积在巴特肯地区分布十分广泛,局限台地相、蒸发台地相、障壁海岸相和浅海陆棚相均有分布;混合沉积成因主要为相缘混合,其次为原地混合和间断混合;混合沉积在烃源层、储集层和盖层三方面均具有一定贡献,古近系泥灰岩是巴特肯地区主要的烃源岩之一,同时也可作为区域性盖层,而白垩系-古近系灰岩储集层也并非严格意义上的纯碳酸盐岩,多为混积岩或混积层系中的一部分。     

新生代早期南海北部水系演变

 珠江在早渐新世仅是涉及华南沿海地区的小河；到晚渐新世，向西延伸到云贵高原前缘地带；到中新世，现代珠江流域格局初步形成。证据显示，南海北部还发育过一条源自南海西部隆起区的大型水系-昆莺琼古河，后淹没在南海之中，但在南海的沉积充填过程中扮演了重要角色。南海北部水系及沉积环境的重建，对于深刻认识南海新生代早期古地理特征以及该地区的油气勘探均具有重要意义。