T型导电结晶器电渣重熔空心钢锭过程的数值模拟

基于新开发的电渣重熔空心钢锭技术,建立了渣池和空心钢锭的三维准稳态数学模型.利用商业软件ANSYS模拟并得到了非导电和导电结晶器工况下,电渣重熔空心钢锭过程的电磁场、流场与温度场.计算结果表明:导电结晶器工况下,渣池的电流密度和焦耳热最大值均出现在T型结晶器的导电段部分,导电结晶器附近的熔池流动速度较快,渣池的温度场更为均匀,金属熔池形状更为浅平.导电结晶器在交换电极时持续保持渣池和金属熔池温度,能够避免渣池温度迅速下降而导致靠近结晶器壁的钢水迅速凝固而出现渣沟,可大大提高钢锭的凝固质量和表面质量.     

电渣液态浇注空心钢锭的数值模拟

建立了电渣液态浇注空心钢锭体系三维准稳态数学模型,利用商业软件ANSYS与CFX进行顺序耦合求解,得到了电渣液态浇注空心钢锭过程的电场、磁场、温度场与流场.计算结果表明,由于采用了导电结晶器技术,渣池电位、焦耳热分布、磁场分布、流场分布与温度场分布等均有别于传统电渣重熔过程.渣池高温区位于外结晶器壁附近,远离渣金界面,最高温度为2 113 K.渣池流场存在两个漩涡,浮力为主要的驱动力,熔渣最大速度为0.068m.s-1.金属熔池呈浅平状,有利于提高空心钢锭的凝固质量.     

电渣重熔结晶器复合传热模型

针对电渣重熔结晶器内钢锭(渣池)/渣皮/气隙/铜壁/冷却水体系中的复杂传热过程,根据钢锭和渣皮的热缩性、炉渣和气隙的分布等将结晶器传热现象分为5种模式,基于结晶器轴向温度梯度最大原则划定各传热模式间的界限.综合5种传热模式的传热方式建立关于钢锭(渣池)/渣皮/气隙/铜壁/冷却水界面间复合传热过程的统一数学模型.利用电渣重熔结晶器多点连续测温系统,将测得的温度值作为边界条件,得出电渣重熔系统中钢锭(渣池)/渣皮/气隙/铜壁/冷却水界面的温度和沿径向传递的热流量.利用计算的结果分析该复杂传热体系中5种传热模式径向温度变化的规律.     

Characteristics of inclusions in high-Al steel during electroslag remelting process

The characteristics of inclusions in high-Al steel refined by electroslag remelting (ESR) were investigated by image analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results show that the size of almost all the inclusions observed in ESR ingots is less than 5 μm. Inclusions smaller than 3 μm take nearly 75% of the total inclusions observed in each ingot. Inclusions observed in ESR ingots are pure AlN as dominating precipitates and some fine spherical Al₂O₃ inclusions with a size of 1 μm or less. It is also found that protective gas operation and slag deoxidation treatment during ESR process have significant effects on the number of inclusions smaller than 2 μm but little effects on that of inclusions larger than 2 μm. Thermodynamic calculations show that AlN inclusions are unable to precipitate in the liquid metal pool under the present experimental conditions, while the precipitation of AlN inclusions could take place at the solidifying front due to the microsegregation of Al and N in liquid steel during solidification.     

双极串联抽锭电渣重熔供电特性理论分析和工业试验研究

对双极串联电渣重熔工艺原理、等效电路和供电特性进行理论分析,得到电极间距离、电极浸入渣池的深度和填充比是影响电流在渣池中的路径和分配比例的主要影响因素,并对双极串联渣池温度场进行数值模拟。结果表明,双极串联供电使渣池中高温区上移,较传统单极供电渣池中高温区远离渣金界面,有利于提高熔化速度而不影响钢锭凝固质量;双极串联抽锭电渣重熔工业试验结果证明,熔化速度增加2倍情况下钢锭内部凝固质量良好,表明渣池高温区上移减弱了熔化速度和钢锭凝固质量之间的关系。     

Effect of ultrasonic power introduced by a mold copper plate on the solidification process

An electroslag furnace with ultrasonic vibration introduced by a mold copper plate was designed. The effects of ultrasonic power on the element distribution and compactness in electroslag remelting (ESR) ingots were studied, and the mechanism of ultrasonic assistance was analyzed in cold experiments. In the results, silicon, manganese and chromium are uniformly distributed at an ultrasonic power of 300-750 W. The absence of ultrasonic or higher ultrasonic power is not conducive to the uniformity of alloying elements. Carbon demonstrates a highly uneven distribution at 300 W, gradually reaches the uniform distribution as the ultrasonic power further increases, and shows the poor distribution at 1000 W. The compactness of ESR ingots gradually increases with increasing ultrasonic power and reaches the uniform distribution at 500 W. A further increase in ultrasonic power does not improve the compactness. Introducing ultrasonic vibrations by a mold copper plate can improve the solidification quality; however, an appropriate ultrasonic power level should be determined.     

电渣重熔过程的数值模拟

以电渣重熔电极、渣池和铸锭为研究对象,建立了电渣重熔体系三维准稳态数学模型.利用商业软件ANSYS得到了电渣重熔过程的电磁场、流场与温度场.计算结果表明,在电极和钢锭内,电流主要集中在外表面,在渣池内主要集中在电极角部;由于电流密度分布不同导致的电磁力和焦耳热及冷却条件共同影响渣池内流场和温度场;随着熔速的增加,熔池深度和两相区最大宽度增加;本工况下,700~800kg/h的熔速将对应一个最短的局部凝固时间.     

低真空对电渣重熔工艺和铸锭质量的影响

脱氧和夹杂物控制是电渣重熔钢锭质量提升的关键.分别在氩气保护的常压和低真空(10 kPa)条件下重熔H13电极,结合热力学计算,分析了低真空对电渣重熔工艺过程和铸锭质量的影响.结果表明,相比常压,低真空条件下渣池含气率升高,熔速波动更剧烈,所得电渣锭表面质量较差.常压和低真空条件制得电渣锭中总w_O分别为24×10^-6和18×10^-6,碳脱氧反应随压力降低而加强,并逐渐取代铝脱氧.相比Al-O平衡,10 kPa条件下与电极中w_C平衡的溶解w_O更低,因而能够进一步降低钢锭中w_O.碳脱氧产物是CO气体,不会引入新的夹杂物.常压和低真空条件制得电渣锭中夹杂物的类型没有明显区别,最大夹杂物尺寸从14.9μm分别减小到10.5μm和8.3μm,等效直径小于3μm的夹杂物检出比分别为63.85%和75.91%.低真空条件能够进一步细化夹杂物,提高钢锭洁净度.     

电渣重熔过程渣皮组织和成分变化与渣池的关联性

电渣重熔过程渣皮存在明显的分层现象。本文对生产过程渣皮进行取样分析，揭示不同位置渣皮分层的组织结构和成分分布。结合激冷层的生成机制，提出以激冷层成分反映渣池成分的设想。通过同一支电渣锭生产过程不同位置(高度)渣皮的激冷层成分测定，得到冶炼过程渣池成分的变化规律。     

电流强度对电渣重熔304不锈钢中夹杂物特征的影响

利用实验室规模电渣炉在大气气氛下重熔304不锈钢,考察了不同电流强度(1500、1800、2100A)下电渣锭中夹杂物的特征及全氧含量、硫含量变化,并对钢中硫化物的析出行为进行了热力学分析。结果表明,电渣重熔过程可以有效去除钢中的夹杂物,但随着电流强度的增大,电渣锭的全氧含量和硫含量增加,夹杂物数密度及尺寸增大,电渣锭的洁净度恶化。当电流强度较低(1500A)时,电渣锭中夹杂物主要是以氧化铝为核心、外表裹有硫化物的双层结构,未发现单个的(Mn,Cr)S夹杂;而1800A和2100A重熔时,电渣锭中不仅有以Al-Si-Ca-Ti-Cr-Mn氧化物为核心、外围包裹着(Mn,Cr)S的双层结构夹杂,而且由于电渣锭中硫含量高和凝固过程中残余液相中溶质的富集,其中还有单个(Mn,Cr)S夹杂物存在。本试验条件下,在1500A下重熔更有利于提高304不锈钢电渣锭的洁净度。     

Fe-Al基金属间化合物的电渣重熔工艺

通过适当的非真空冶炼＋电渣重熔工艺,制备了含Ｃｒ的Ｆｅ３Ａ１基金属间化合物合金． 实验发现,选择适当的热输入工艺参数,电渣重熔过程极大地降低了Ｆｅ３Ａ１基金属间化合物合 金中的Ｓ,Ｏ,Ｈ,Ｐ等杂质元素的含量,改善了析出相的大小与分布．铸锭具有良好的热加工性能, 经锻造和中温热机械处理后,纵向室温延伸率分别超过８％和１０％,屈服强度超过４００ＭＰａ,断 裂强度达到 ７００ ＭＰａ,力学性能与同类真空冶炼大体积材料的性能相当．     

双级串联电渣重熔系统电磁场和焦耳热场研究

以双级串联电渣重熔工艺中电极、渣池和钢锭为研究对象,建立了三维谐波电磁场数学模型,分析了其磁场、电磁力、电流密度和焦耳热功率密度分布.结果表明:对于双电极电渣重熔系统,临近效应占据主导,这和单电极电渣重熔系统集肤效应占主导完全不同.电流密度主要集中在渣内上半部分及两对电极的内侧,并且只有总电流的1/5~1/4流经钢锭;焦耳热的最大值出现在渣中及电极底部内侧.参数研究还发现:当频率大于等于35 Hz时,在电极内部电流密度趋向线性分布;当电极侵入深度增大或渣层的厚度减小时,渣池中焦耳热的最大值增大.     

电渣重熔过程电磁场和温度场数值模拟

建立了考虑电流集肤效应的三维电渣重熔电磁场和温度场数学模型,并采用电磁场和金属熔池形貌测量方法分别验证了数学模型的准确性,分析了电流频率和渣池厚度对电渣重熔过程电流密度、磁感应强度、电磁力、焦耳热、温度、熔池深度的影响规律.结果表明:随着电流频率增加,电极和钢锭表面电流集肤效应明显,渣池内部电流分布基本不变;电渣重熔系统内最大焦耳热位于平底电极与渣池接触角部,然而高温区位于渣池内部电极下方靠近渣金界面处.当渣池厚度从015m增加到021m,渣池中心轴线上最高温度从1826℃降低到1721℃,金属熔池深度从022m降低到016m.     

空心环形件电渣熔铸内结晶器铜板变形有限元瞬态分析

借助有限元方法,建立含结晶器、自耗电极、渣池、金属熔池、铸锭、底垫、渣壳和气隙区的物理模型,模拟"空心环形件电渣熔铸"金属熔池形成、发展、结束过程中内结晶器铜板的径向变形.模拟与试验结果表明,当结晶器、自耗电极、渣料渣深、炉口电压相同时,一般金属熔池越浅,越容易获得良好组织;金属熔池越深且温度越高,内结晶器铜板炉后径向位移量越大;熔铸过程内结晶器铜板中部最易变形,该位置增加筋板可有效控制内结晶器铜板的炉后径向变形.     

电渣重熔用CaO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2三元无氟渣系的研究

根据电渣重熔工艺要求和渣相平衡的特点,提出电渣重熔用渣化学组成的设计原则。据此原则,研究了CaO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2,三元系中8个共晶组成和二个同分化合物的性质,测定了其电导率和导热系数。根据其性质和电渣重熔实验,从中选出了两个适于电渣重熔用无氟渣系,其共晶组成(wt％):49.5％CaO-43.7％Al_2O_3-6.8％SiO_2和52.0％CaO-41.2％Al_2O_3-6.8％SiO_2。工业实验表明,其冶金性能与ANF-6渣相当,而电耗可降低30％,从根本上消除了氟化物对环境的污染。     

A coupled model of TiN inclusion growth in GCr15SiMn during solidification in the electroslag remelting process

TiN inclusions observed in an ingot produced by electroslag remelting (ESR) are extremely harmful to GCr15SiMn steel. There-fore, accurate predictions of the growth size of these inclusions during steel solidification are significant for clean ESR ingot production. On the basis of our previous work, a coupled model of solute microsegregation and TiN inclusion growth during solidification has been estab-lished. The results demonstrate that compared to a non-coupled model, the coupled model predictions of the size of TiN inclusions are in good agreement with experimental results using scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Because of high cooling rate, the sizes of TiN inclusions in the edge area of the ingots are relatively small compared to the sizes in the center area. Dur-ing the ESR process, controlling the content of Ti in the steel is a feasible and effective method of decreasing the sizes of TiN inclusions.     

Friction-stir-welded overaged 7020-T6 alloy joint: an investigation on the effect of rotational speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties

Commercial A7020-T6 plates in the overaged state were subjected to friction stir welding with four different tool rotational speeds of 500, 710, 1000, and 1400 r/min and a single traverse feed rate of 40 mm/min. The resultant changes in the welding heat input, microstructure, and the mechanical properties of the joints were investigated. The changes were related to the processes of growth, dissolution, and re-formation of precipitates. The precipitate evolution was examined by differential scanning calorimetry, and the microstructural analysis was conducted using optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopes. The results showed that the grain size in the stirred zone(SZ) decreased substantially compared with the base metal, but increased with tool rotational speed because of the rise in temperature. We found that the width of the heat-affected zone increased with tool rotational speed. The hardness and the tensile strength in the SZ increased with increasing heat input compared with the base metal in the overaged condition. This recovery in mechanical properties of the joints can be attributed to the dissolution and re-formation of precipitates in the SZ and the thermomechanically affected zone. This process is referred to as an "auto-aging treatment."     

电渣重熔过程渣池磁流体力学行为数值模拟

建立了耦合电渣重熔过程渣池内电磁场、温度场和流场的数学模型,在考虑渣池内电磁力和热浮力对熔渣流动影响的基础上,分析了电渣重熔工艺(电极形貌、插入深度和电流强度)对渣池磁流体力学行为的影响规律.结果表明:当电磁力为主时,渣池内存在逆时针涡流;当热浮力为主时,渣池内存在顺时针涡流.电渣重熔电流5kA,频率50Hz,电极端部为平面时,渣池内同时存在逆时针和顺时针涡流,最大流速为005m/s;当电极端部为锥形时,渣池内部只存在顺时针涡流,最大流速为020m/s..增加电极插入深度和增大电流强度都会增强渣池内逆时针涡流;相反,则增强渣池内顺时针涡流.     

电渣重熔过程钢中氧含量预测及控制

为降低电渣钢锭中的总w_○O,建立了预测界面传质速率的同步反应热-动力学模型,对电渣重熔过程的氧传递行为与电磁-流动-传热-传质进行耦合分析,并提出钢液中w_○O的控制方法.结果表明,随重熔过程的进行,熔渣中w_○FeO和钢液中w_○O均升高,呈现重熔前期“脱氧”、后期“增氧”的现象,渣池-电极端部和渣池-金属熔滴界面是w_○O升高的主要位置.当电流为1200~1800A时,熔炼相同长度电极时的钢液中w_○O从82.4×10^-6降低到70.6×10^-6;采用惰性气体保护,使钢液中w_○O从78.7×10^-6降低到15.3×10^-6;使用70% CaF₂+30% Al₂O₃渣系控制钢液中w_○O的效果最佳,低w_○Al2O3的渣系有利于降低钢液中w_○O.     

Research on droplet formation and dripping behavior during the electroslag remelting process

A better understanding of droplet formation and dripping behavior would be useful in the efficient removal of impurity elements and nonmetallic inclusions from liquid metals. In the present work, we developed a transparent experimental apparatus to study the mechanisms of droplet formation and the effects of filling ratio on droplet behavior during the electroslag remelting (ESR) process. A high-speed camera was used to clearly observe, at small time scales, the droplet formation and dripping phenomenon at the slag/metal interface during a stable ESR process. The results illustrate that a two-stage process for droplet formation and dripping occurs during the ESR process and that the droplet diameter exhibits a parabolic distribution with increasing filling ratio because of the different shape and thermal state of the electrode tip. This work also confirms that a relatively large filling ratio reduces electricity consumption and improves ingot quality.