Isothermal reduction kinetics and mineral phase of chromium-bearing vanadium-titanium sinter reduced with CO gas at 873-1273 K

Reduction of chromium-bearing vanadium-titanium sinter (CVTS) was studied under simulated conditions of a blast furnace, and thermodynamics and kinetics were theoretically analyzed. Reduction kinetics of CVTS at different temperatures was evaluated using a shrinking unreacted core model. The microstructure, mineral phase, and variation of the sinter during reduction were observed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and metallographic microscopy. Results indicate that porosity of CVTS increased with temperature. Meanwhile, the reduction degree of the sinter improved with the reduction rate. Reduction of the sinter was controlled by a chemical reaction at the initial stage and inner diffusion at the final stage. Activation energies measured 29.22-99.69 kJ/mol. Phase transformations in CVTS reduction are as follows:Fe₂O₃→Fe₃O₄→FeO→Fe; Fe₂TiO₅→Fe₂TiO₄→FeTiO₃; FeO·V₂O₃→V₂O₃; FeO·Cr₂O₃→Cr₂O₃.     

不同形态Fe对Cr2 O3还原的影响

通过1350~1550℃下Fe-Cr2 O3、Fe2 O3-Cr2 O3和FeCr2 O4的碳还原实验,结合X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜考察不同形态铁( Fe、Fe2 O3和FeO)对Cr2 O3还原的影响.同一温度下最终还原度及还原速率均呈现Fe2 O3-Cr2 O3-C>FeCr2 O4-C>Fe-Cr2 O3-C的趋势,三种样品的还原都经历了氧化物→碳化物→Fe-Cr-C合金的过程;低碳碳化物的产生以及较早形成金属液相使Fe2 O3-Cr2 O3还原更充分,合金液相中碳溶解量低导致FeCr2 O4的还原率偏低,而碳化物偏多、合金液相偏少阻滞了Fe-Cr2 O3还原率的提高.实验得到Fe-Cr2 O3-C、FeCr2 O4-C和Fe2 O3-Cr2 O3-C体系的表观活化能分别为142.90、111.84和128.9 kJ·mol-1.     

硼铁精矿的碳热还原动力学

为了揭示硼铁精矿的碳热还原机理,以高纯石墨为还原剂,进行硼铁精矿含碳球团等温还原实验,并采用积分法进行动力学分析.还原温度分别设定为1000、1050、1100、1150、1200、1250和1300益,配碳量即C/O摩尔比=1.0.当还原度为0.1<α<0.8时,温度对活化能和速率控制环节有重要影响：还原温度≤1100益时,平均活化能为202.6 kJ·mol-1,还原反应的速率控制环节为碳的气化反应;还原温度>1100益时,平均活化能为116.7 kJ·mol-1,为碳气化反应和FeO还原反应共同控制.当还原度α≥0.8时(还原温度>1100益),可能的速率控制环节为碳原子在金属铁中的扩散.碳气化反应是含碳球团还原过程中主要速率控制环节,原因在于硼铁精矿中硼元素对碳气化反应具有较强烈的化学抑制作用.     

铁酸锌气体还原的热力学分析

根据热力学原理,计算并分析了含锌冶金粉尘中的重要成分ZnFe2 O4在CO- CO2气体还原过程中的热力学行为. ZnFe2 O4的气体还原遵循逐级还原规律,且ZnFe2 O4很容易被CO还原到ZnO和Fe3 O4.较高温度条件下,ZnO的气体还原易于FeO的还原.随着反应温度升高,锌完全反应和挥发所需要的CO含量不断降低,当反应温度从1100 K升高到1400 K时所需的CO体积分数由0.4降低到0.01以下.要达到还原分离金属锌的目的,不必将铁氧化物还原到金属铁,而只需将铁氧化物还原到Fe3 O4或FeO,同时满足锌的还原条件即可.在高炉炉身中上部,由于发生锌的还原反应和内部循环,给高炉生产带来危害,因此应减少和控制高炉的锌负荷.     

Fe2O3-SiO2体系深度还原过程动力学

采用等温法和非等温法,分析了Fe2O3-SiO2体系深度还原过程的动力学.等温法试验表明,在一定范围内升高还原温度,有利于焦炭气化反应的进行,进而增加反应的还原度和还原速率.等温法确定的Fe2O3-SiO2体系深度还原反应符合Avrami-Erofeev模型,金属铁颗粒的成核及长大是还原过程的限制性环节,反应的表观活化能为23533kJ/mol,指前因子为322×107min-1.非等温法试验表明,该体系深度还原反应在温度达到400℃之后开始发生,700℃之后还原反应速度加快,最终反应趋于平衡.非等温法确定的主要反应阶段的表观活化能为23866kJ/mol,指前因子为104×107min-1.     

菱铁矿在煤基直接还原条件下的转化过程

为研究菱铁矿在强还原气氛下加热过程中铁矿物的转化过程和规律,采用热重分析、X射线衍射和扫描电镜等手段研究了嘉峪关某菱铁矿石在煤基直接还原过程中菱铁矿的热行为和不同条件下焙烧产物中铁矿物的存在形式等.结果表明,菱铁矿在煤基直接还原条件下转化为金属铁的历程为FeCO3→Fe3O4→FeO→Fe.转化过程分为菱铁矿分解和铁氧化物还原两个阶段;热分解阶段在556.6℃时基本结束,最终产物为Fe3O4;铁氧化物的还原阶段在556.6℃以后、1200℃时完全结束,最终产物为金属铁.     

生物质焦焙烧还原低品位软锰矿及其动力学

采用生物质焦和活性炭粉作还原剂,在管式炉中进行了低品位软锰矿焙烧还原对比试验.分别研究了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、生物质焦用量等条件对软锰矿还原率的影响,对焙烧产物进行了X射线衍射分析.结果表明,生物质焦在焙烧时间和还原效率上优于活性炭粉;软锰矿焙烧还原依次经历Mn O2→Mn2O3→Mn3O4→Mn O过程;在焙烧温度为800℃,焙烧时间为50 min,生物质焦用量为10%时,软锰矿还原率可达98%以上,在此基础上导出了还原动力学方程,并证实还原过程由界面化学反应控制,表观活化能为43.896 k J·mol-1.     

Kinetics of Carbothermic Reduction of MnO2 and Catalytic Effect of La2O3

Kinetics of carbothermic reduction of manganese oxide and the catalytic effect of La2O3 on the reduction have been studied by the measurement of mass loss in N2 atmosphere at different temperatures and followed by SEM analysis. It is concluded that the kinetics of carbothermic reduction of manganese oxide is divided into three stages: gas diffusion controlling stage, carbon gasification controlling stage and solid state diffusion controlling stage. La2O3 has catalytic effect on the reduction. The catalytic effect of La2O3 increases with the added amount of La2O3. SEM analysis shows that the catalytic mechanism is that Laa2O3 promotes the transfer of oxygen ions so that carbon gasifying is catalyzed and thus carbothermic reduction of MnO3 is catalyzed.     

Phase transformation behavior of titanium during carbothermic reduction of titanomagnetite ironsand

The reduction of titanomagnetite (TTM) ironsand, which contains 11.41wt% TiO₂ and 55.63wt% total Fe, by graphite was performed using a thermogravimetric analysis system under an argon gas atmosphere at 1423–1623 K. The behavior and effects of titanium in TTM ironsand during the reduction process were investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. During the reduction procedure, the titanium concentrated in the slag phase, where the phase transformation followed this sequence: FeO + FeTiO₃ → Fe₂TiO₄ → FeTiO₃ → FeTi₂O₅ → TiO₂. The calculated results for the reduction kinetics showed that the carbothermic reduction was controlled by the diffusion of ions through the product layer. Furthermore, the apparent activation energy was 170.35 kJ·mol-1.     

添加剂对钛精矿固相碳热还原强化作用的比较

利用热重分析法研究了硅铁、硼砂、碳酸钠三种不同添加剂对钛精矿固相碳热还原行为的影响.对这三种添加剂的TG,DTG,DSC曲线进行分析,结果表明硅铁会使钛精矿在还原过程中的失重率减少;而碳酸钠和硼砂会使钛精矿在还原过程中的失重率增加.三种添加剂都可以使达到最大反应速率时的温度降低.碳酸钠和硼砂可以显著提高其最大反应速率,分别提高了013%/min和018%/min;硅铁使最大反应速率降低.其强化还原机理为硅铁为反应提供一定热量,提高了反应体系的温度;硼砂促进还原过程中反应物的传输;碳酸钠可以增强碳的气化反应.     

不同还原度铁氧化物球团在微波场中的升温及还原行为

为深入了解氧化球团在微波竖炉中的升温以及煤基直接还原行为,实验采用铁精矿氧化球团作为基础原料,在气体还原剂条件下进行预还原,通过控制还原时间得到不同还原度铁氧化物球团,并从不同还原度铁氧化物球团的结构以及性能出发,研究它们在微波场中的升温性能及其还原变化.电磁性能测试结果表明,球团中的铁及其氧化物在微波场中的升温速度从快到慢依次为:Fe3O4,Fe2O3,Fe,FeO.微波加热还原结果分析及矿相结构观察显示,Fe2O3的深还原时间较长,物相多重转变,造成过程温度和还原气氛跟不上氧化物的还原反应速度;Fe3O4阶段升温速度快,结构松散,有助于进一步的还原,但进入浮士体(FeO的固溶体)阶段后孔隙率降低,升温速度骤降,造成还原的困难;在还原度达到66.90％时,表层以金属铁相为主,孔洞发达,吸波性能强,在气化反应有效进行的条件下,球团将会实现快速还原.     

烧结矿应用于化学链燃烧的反应特性

本文通过热重实验研究了烧结矿作为载氧体的H2还原反应特性,将其与通过溶解法制备的Fe2 O3/Al2 O3载氧体进行了氧化还原反应性比较,在500~1250℃范围内研究了温度对于烧结矿还原反应过程的影响,在950℃下进行了30次循环反应实验,采用四种模型进行了反应动力学分析.结果表明,烧结矿的H2还原转化率大于80%,可以完全再氧化,并具有良好的循环反应性能.在500~950℃范围内,随温度升高还原反应速率及最终转化率都显著增加;而当温度高于1100℃时,在反应后期还原反应速率和最终转化率有下降的趋势.在500~950℃范围内,对烧结矿的还原过程第一反应阶段( Fe2 O3-Fe3 O4/FeO,还原转化率<25%)可采用二阶反应模型( M2)拟合,得到表观活化能为E=36.018 kJ·mol-1,指前因子为A0=1.053×10-2 s-1;第二反应阶段(Fe3O4/FeO-Fe,还原转化率>25%)采用收缩核模型(M4)拟合,得到的表观活化能为E=51.176 kJ·mol-1,指前因子为A0=1.066×10-2 s-1.     

化学链燃烧中赤铁矿氧载体的本征反应动力学研究

本文对一种化学链燃烧所用赤铁矿氧载体进行了本征还原反应动力学研究。氧载体颗粒的比表面积及孔径分布测试显示此种氧载体的孔隙率为0.031,表明此种氧载体结构致密,孔隙结构不发达。热重反应器上进行的程序升温还原实验结果显示氧载体的还原反应分阶段进行,并确定第一还原阶段的温度测试窗口为400~650°C。在排除了氧载体颗粒内外扩散的影响后,批次流化床实验分析确定反应的本征活化能为138.55 k J/mol,指前因子为6.8×1013s-1。通过对内外扩散因素的分析,加深了对此种氧载体颗粒与CO的宏观反应特性的认识。本研究结论与前人关于缩核模型、外扩散控制以及较小的表观活化能的研究结论具有良好的相容性。     

铬矿熔融还原动力学

考察了渣碱度、渣中Ａｌ２Ｏ３含量以及温度对铬矿被固体碳还原反应的影响，得到渣碱度在０．８～１．５的范围内、渣碱度为１．５时，铁液中最终铬含量最高；随着渣中Ａｌ２Ｏ３含量的增加，铬矿的初期反应速率明显降低，但对铁液中的平衡铬含量无明显影响．初期零级反应的表观活化能为３１６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ．在确定反应控制环节时，利用了改变界面反应条件这一新方法，结合实验分析得到铬矿的还原是由铬矿在渣中的行为及界面反应联合控制     

Kinetics of petroleum coke/biomass blends during co-gasification

The co-gasification behavior and synergistic effect of petroleum coke, biomass, and their blends were studied by thermogravimetric analysis under CO₂ atmosphere at different heating rates. The isoconversional method was used to calculate the activation energy. The results showed that the gasification process occurred in two stages: pyrolysis and char gasification. A synergistic effect was observed in the char gasification stage. This effect was caused by alkali and alkaline earth metals in the biomass ash. Kinetics analysis showed that the activation energy in the pyrolysis stage was less than that in the char gasification stage. In the char gasification stage, the activation energy was 129.1–177.8 kJ/mol for petroleum coke, whereas it was 120.3–150.5 kJ/mol for biomass. We also observed that the activation energy calculated by the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) method were larger than those calculated by the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunosen (KAS) method. When the conversion was 1.0, the activation energy was 106.2 kJ/mol when calculated by the KAS method, whereas it was 120.3 kJ/mol when calculated by the FWO method.     

Generation process of FeS and its inhibition mechanism on iron mineral reduction in selective direct reduction of laterite nickel ore

Numerous studies have demonstrated that Na₂SO₄ can significantly inhibit the reduction of iron oxide in the selective reduction process of laterite nickel ore. FeS generated in the process plays an important role in selective reduction, but the generation process of FeS and its inhibition mechanism on iron reduction are not clear. To figure this out, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses were conducted to study the roasted ore. The results show that when Na₂SO₄ is added in the roasting, the FeO content in the roasted ore increases accompanied by the emergence of FeS phase. Further analysis indicates that Na₂S formed by the reaction of Na₂SO₄ with CO reacts with SiO₂ at the FeO surface to generate FeS and Na₂Si₂O₅. As a result, a thin film forms on the surface of FeO, hindering the contact between reducing gas and FeO. Therefore, the reduction of iron is depressed, and the FeO content in the roasted ore increases.     

Zr—Fe—ZSM—48的合成及催化性能的研究

研究了Zr-Fe-ZSM-48沸石的合成、表面性能及其负载催化剂在CO加氢反应中的催化性能。结果表明：与Si-ZSM－48和Fe-ZSM-48相比,Zr-Fe-ZSM-48中的Zr和Fe同时进入ZSM－48分子筛骨架,使分子筛表面的弱碱中心失,出现多个不同的强碱中心。Zr-Fe-ZSM-48负载铁钾催化剂有利于铁的还原,但各还原过程的还原比例与KFe-Si-ZSM-48和KFe/Fe-ZSM－48相比有着较大差异。KFe/Zr-Fe-ZSM-48在CO加氢反应中活性和选择性都较低。     

S、H2S及CS2在氧气中燃烧反应机理

利用公式△H=-0.1196n/λ计算了S、H2S及CS2在氧气中燃烧反应的火焰温度,并推测了三种物质燃烧反应的机理.S在氧气中燃烧反应的火焰温度计算值为2086 K,与测定值2093K接近,误差为-0.30％.H2S在氧气中燃烧反应的火焰温度计算值为2238K,测定温度2383K,误差为-6.1％.CS2在氧气中燃烧反应的火焰温度计算值为2502K,测定温度2468K,误差为0.14％.根据燃烧反应的火焰温度,推测S、H2S及CS2在氧气中燃烧反应机理.S燃烧反应机理为：（1）O2＋ hv→2O·,（2）S ＋O·→SO＋hv,（3）2SO＋O2→2SO2,（4）SO2＋O·→SO3 ＋hv.H2S燃烧反应机理为：（1）O2＋ hv→2O·,（2） H2S→H2 ＋S,（3）H2 ＋O·→H2O＋hv,（4）S＋O·→SO＋hv,（5） 2SO＋ O2→2SO2,（6）SO2 ＋O·→SO3＋ hv.CS2燃烧反应机理为：（1）O2＋hv→2O·,（2） CS2→C ＋2S,（3）C＋O·→CO＋ hv,（4）CO＋O·→CO＋hv,（5）S＋O·→SO＋ hv,（6）2SO＋ O2→2SO2,（7）SO2＋O·→SO3＋ hv.     

Reduction behavior and kinetics of vanadium-titanium sinters under high potential oxygen enriched pulverized coal injection

In this work, the reduction behavior of vanadium-titanium sinters was studied under five different sets of conditions of pulverized coal injection with oxygen enrichment. The modified random pore model was established to analyze the reduction kinetics. The results show that the reduction rate of sinters was accelerated by an increase of CO and H₂ contents. Meanwhile, with the increase in CO and H₂ contents, the increasing range of the medium reduction index (MRE) of sinters decreased. The increasing oxygen enrichment ratio played a diminishing role in improving the reduction behavior of the sinters. The reducing process kinetic parameters were solved using the modified random role model. The results indicated that, with increasing oxygen enrichment, the contents of CO and H₂ in the reducing gas increased. The reduction activation energy of the sinters decreased to between 20.4 and 23.2 kJ/mol.     

Fe--Sialon复合材料中 Fe3 Si 合成热力学分析及实验验证

对淤泥沙原料中Fe3 O4及其中间产物FeO和Fe可能参与的反应进行了热力学分析。结合绘制的不同CO分压下Fe-Si体系在C和SiO2过量下的优势区相图及Fe-O-N体系热力学参数状态图,得出体系中Fe元素最终以Fe3 Si形式存在,为淤泥沙合成O′-Sialon-SiC-Fe3 Si (即Fe-Sialon)复合材料提供了热力学理论依据。在热力学分析的基础上,以淤泥沙为主要原料,采用碳热还原氮化法制备了Fe-Sialon复合材料,并借助X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜对烧结体的物相和显微形貌进行了表征,得出产物的主晶相为O′-Sialon,还含有少量的SiC和Fe3 Si相,晶粒呈现为纤维状、絮状或短柱状,与热力学分析结果( Fe元素最终以Fe3 Si存在)吻合。