Peptide bond formation destabilizes Shine-Dalgarno interaction on the ribosome

The ribosome is a molecular machine that translates the genetic code contained in the messenger RNA into an amino acid sequence through repetitive cycles of transfer RNA selection, peptide bond formation and translocation. Here we demonstrate an optical tweezer assay to measure the rupture force between a single ribosome complex and mRNA. The rupture force was compared between ribosome complexes assembled on an mRNA with and without a strong Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence-a sequence found just upstream of the coding region of bacterial mRNAs, involved in translation initiation. The removal of the SD sequence significantly reduced the rupture force in complexes carrying an aminoacyl tRNA, Phe-tRNA(Phe), in the A site, indicating that the SD interactions contribute significantly to the stability of the ribosomal complex on the mRNA before peptide bond formation. In contrast, the presence of a peptidyl tRNA analogue, N-acetyl-Phe-tRNA(Phe), in the A site, which mimicked the post-peptidyl transfer state, weakened the rupture force as compared to the complex with Phe-tRNA(Phe), and the resultant force was the same for both the SD-containing and SD-deficient mRNAs. These results suggest that formation of the first peptide bond destabilizes the SD interaction, resulting in the weakening of the force with which the ribosome grips an mRNA. This might be an important requirement to facilitate movement of the ribosome along mRNA during the first translocation step.     

极坐标的讲授

本文分析了极坐标与直角坐标不同的思维方式,强调了极坐标中很重要的三个圆,对二重积分化为二次积分时上下限的确定作了详细的讲解。     

Space-time principles of reducing stripping in furrow pits

The lower slope of furrow pits has following special features: small extent of weathering destruction, short time of production blasting damage, good arching effect of lower slope with small curvature radius, and good bottom effect of a pit end for transferring and bearing initial horizontal stresses in lower slope. The new principles provided theoretical basis for convex slope in furrow pits to reduce stripping. Similar phenomena and examples are supplied simultaneously.     

Sub-piconewton force fluctuations of actomyosin in vitro.

A new system has been developed for measuring the forces produced by a small number (less than 5-150) of myosin molecules interacting with a single actin filament in vitro. The technique can resolve forces of less than a piconewton and has a time resolution in the submillisecond range. It can thus detect fluctuations of force caused by individual molecular interactions. From analysis of these force fluctuations, the coupling between the enzymatic ATPase activity of actomyosin and the resulting mechanical impulses can be elucidated.     

切线极坐标的一个应用

作者利用平面闭凸曲线极坐标（Minkowski 支撑函数）给出一类新的光滑常宽曲线。     

Limitations in the use of actomyosin threads as model contractile systems

Recent studies have suggested that actomyosin threads may provide a useful model for studying the properties of contractile systems. The development of highly sensitive positional feedback transducers has enabled the properties of these threads to be measured reproducibly. Potential applications include such systems as ventricle, smooth muscle and non-muscle preparations, from which it is difficult to obtain suitable fibres for mechanical studies. In addition, studies with chemically modified myosins may provide new insights into the relationships between the biochemical and mechanical events in the cross-bridge cycle. However, there are indications that the mechanical properties of actomyosin threads differ from those of intact fibres in several important respects. For example, contraction velocity is proportional to isometric tension in threads, but is independent of filament density in intact fibres. We have now determined the force-velocity characteristics of actomyosin threads prepared from muscles with known differences in their physiological contraction velocities. No direct relationships could be found between the velocity characteristics of the threads and those of intact muscle. We conclude that the measured velocities of threads reflect properties of the actomyosins other than cross-bridge cycling times, thus severely limiting the usefulness of this technique for comparative purposes.     

Hydrostatic pressure and the actomyosin cortex drive mitotic cell rounding

During mitosis, adherent animal cells undergo a drastic shape change, from essentially flat to round. Mitotic cell rounding is thought to facilitate organization within the mitotic cell and be necessary for the geometric requirements of division. However, the forces that drive this shape change remain poorly understood in the presence of external impediments, such as a tissue environment. Here we use cantilevers to track cell rounding force and volume. We show that cells have an outward rounding force, which increases as cells enter mitosis. We find that this mitotic rounding force depends both on the actomyosin cytoskeleton and the cells' ability to regulate osmolarity. The rounding force itself is generated by an osmotic pressure. However, the actomyosin cortex is required to maintain this rounding force against external impediments. Instantaneous disruption of the actomyosin cortex leads to volume increase, and stimulation of actomyosin contraction leads to volume decrease. These results show that in cells, osmotic pressure is balanced by inwardly directed actomyosin cortex contraction. Thus, by locally modulating actomyosin-cortex-dependent surface tension and globally regulating osmotic pressure, cells can control their volume, shape and mechanical properties.     

Stimulation of Acanthamoeba actomyosin ATPase activity by myosin-II polymerization

Phosphorylation of the regulatory light chains of vertebrate smooth muscle or cytoplasmic myosins alters the structure of myosin monomers, favours myosin filament formation and stimulates the actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase of myosin. Similarly, in Dictyostelium and Acanthamoeba phosphorylation of the myosin heavy chains exhibits both polymerization and actin-activated Mg2+ATPase. Unfortunately, the relationships between phosphorylation, myosin assembly and activation of ATP hydrolysis are not fully understood in any of these systems, as there has been no way of varying the extent of polymerization of intact myosin without changing solution conditions or the level of myosin phosphorylation, parameters that may have independent effects on ATPase activity. Taking an entirely new approach, we have used monoclonal antibodies against the tail of Acanthamoeba myosin-II that cause filament disassembly to show that myosin polymerization itself stimulates actomyosin ATPase activity. With a fixed level of myosin-II phosphorylation and constant solution conditions, depolymerization of myosin-II filaments by antibodies causes a concomitant loss of actin-activated ATPase activity.     

极性转换在化学反应中的应用

极性转换的本质是有机化合物反应中心碳原子电性发生转换,即亲电性或亲核性发生转换的过程.极性转换作用是有机反应中的一个理论问题,本文系统地介绍了极性转换的相关知识.     

矩阵极分解计算的一个注记

设$p$是大于$1$的偶数,根据方程$x^{-p}-1=0$的Newton求根公式, 给出计算非奇异矩阵酉极因子的数值方法,并证明了它具有二次收敛特性. 数值例子表明该算法是有效的.     

Polar码M-QAM系统编码码率及误比特率性能

将Polar码与高阶调制相结合,构成级联Polar码多级正交幅度调制(M-QAM)系统.为该级联系统提出了确定性比特信道熵参数,解决了级联系统Polar编码信息比特位的选取问题;同时,利用比特信道熵的累积概率分布,分析了Polar码码长和比特信噪比对级联系统中Polar码无差错传输最大可达码率的影响.通过对级联系统在16QAM和64QAM两种调制方式下系统误比特率性能的仿真发现;级联Polar码64QAM系统比级联Polar码16QAM系统具有更快的误比特率下降速度和更高的比特信噪比效率.     

极性晶体中表面磁极化子研究进展(Ⅱ)

本文综述了我们近年来在极性晶体表面磁极化子性质方面的部分工作。第二节从磁场中表面极化子一声子系的哈密顿量出发,用线性组合算符方法研究强耦合表面磁极化子的温度效应。第三节中用线性组合算符法讨论了与表面光学声子耦合强,与体纵光学声子耦合弱的表面磁极化子的温度特性,研究了表面磁极化子的振动频率和诱生势的温度依赖性。第四节用线性组合算符和拉格朗日乘子法研究了二维非极性晶体通过形变势与声学声子强、弱耦合的表面磁极化子的性质。