Analysis on River Sediment Changes of the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River

The sediment load and river sedimentation of the upper reaches of Yangtze River has been undergoing constant changes as complex landformlarge mountain area and plentiful precipitation make the drainage area of Yangtze River very vulnerable to water erosion and gravity erosion. Through analyzing the hydrological and sediment load statistics recorded by major hydrological stations along Yangtze River since 1950s, and editing the accumulation graph of annual runoff volume and annual sediment load, we find out that the suspended-sediment of Yangtze river has been decreasing year by year in Wulong Hydrological Station on Wujiang River, Beibei Hydrological Station on Jialingjiang River, Lijiawan Hydrological Station on Tuojiang River and Gaochang Hydrological Station on Minjiang River, Yichang Hydrological Station, Cuntan Hydrological Station along Yangtze River mainstream share the same experience too. But the statistics obtained at Pingshan Hydrological Station on Jinshajiang River shows the sediment load there has increased. Taking ecological construction, hydraulic engineering construction and precipitation changes into consideration, the thesis analyses the cauls for the sediment load decrease of Jialingjiang River, Tuojiang River, Minjiang River and Wujiang River and provides us both scientific foundation for further study of river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yangtze River, and measures to control river sedimentation.     

Paragenesia of Quaternary pediments and river terraces on the north piedmont of Wutai Mountains

A study has been made of the paragenetic relations of the pediments and river terraces on the northern piedmont of Wutai Mountains via geomorphologic mapping of 1:10000 scale, and an analysis on the role of tectonic, climatic, and drainage factors in the parageneses. The Quaternary pediments and river terraces on the north piedmont of Wutai Mountains united to constitute six steps of geomorphic surfaces. The episodic uplifting of fault blocks was the dominant factor in the formation of the unified surfaces, however climatic change and drainage diversities led to undulation of the surfaces. The second terrace of Yangyan River (T2) was formed in the last glacial maximum, when the river was in aggradational state. The third to fifth terraces were formed in interglacial stages, when the river was in equilibrium or degradational state. It is inferred that climate had no insignificant effect on the river incision caused by tectonic uplifting. In light of terraces dating, since the Quaternary the Wutai fault-block mountains experienced six rapid uplifting events, and the starting time of the last four events was respectively 1.2, 0.6, 0.13, and 0.02 Ma B.P.     

Research on the disappearance causes of the Tenghualuo Site in Lianyungang,Jiangsu Province, China

With brilliant civilization during the transitional period from a original clan society to a state society in prehistory,the Neolithic Tenghualuo Site in Lianyungang was discovered by archaeological survey in 1989,which was titled as‘one of the nation’s ten great archeological discoveries in 2000’.However,the transgression and the anthropogenic environment deterioration have ever been employed to explain the abandonment of the site.Based on a dynasty framework established by the 14 C dating,and using the experimental methods such as micro-paleontology identification in foraminifera and charophytes, the content test of Rb and Sr,susceptibility analysis as well as granularity and sedimentary facies analysis,some researches on the sediments from the two exploration layers at Tenghualuo Site were conducted,and the following new findings have been gained:Firstly,foraminifera which are relevant to the marine environment were not found in the sediment layer,however,25 charales,which usually live in the freshwater environment,in 07LTT1 exploration samples were found.Among them,3 charales were found in the samples from the forth sediment layer below the late Longshan Cultural layer and 22 charates were from the second sediment layer above the late Longshan Cultural layer.Furthermore,5 plant seeds and 41 fungal spores,together with many carbonation holes,plant seed shells,as well as their roots and stems were also found in the second sediment layer above the late Longshan Cultural layer.Secondly,the cumulative probability curves of the sediments’granularity in both the last and its overlying culture intermittent layers have characteristics of three-phase river sediment curve,and the ratios between Rb and Sr are both quite high in samples from two layers sedimented during the disappearing time of the site.All above-mentioned evidences indicate that disappearance of the Tenghualuo Site was not related to the transgression.The late Longshan Culture of the site could be completely abandoned after a relatively long-ter     

Impacts of Soil.Water Conservation in Jialing River on Sedimentation of the Three Gorges Reservoir

The Jialing River is one of the main tributaries of the Yangtze River. The average annual runoff accounts for 16 % and the sediment load 26% of the total at Yichang therefore it＇s one of the main contributors of sediment to the Three Gorges Reservoir. Ever since 1989, our country has implemented ＂Yangtze River soil and water conservation＂ project, Till the end of 1996, altogether 25.8 % of erosion area in Jialing River has been improved after large scale conservation has taken effect. The analysis and comparison between records taken before and after the implementation of soil and water conservation on runoff and sediment yield indicated that the sediment load soil erosion in Jialing river basin has been taken under control to some extent. Amount of annual runoff in main conservations have generally dropped by exponential function. Obvious result has been achieved in Jialing River, efficiency of sand reduction is about 10%-25%. Therefore, sediment to Three Gorges Reservoir is decreased accordingly, and it will be beneficial to take advantage of reser- voir＇s synthetic benefit.     

Spatiotemporal variations of Chinese lakes and their driving mechanisms since the Last Glacial Maximum: A review and synthesis of lacustrine sediment archives

In this article,the author provides the first synthesis and classification of available environment-indicating proxies for lacustrine sediment.A review of spatio-temporal variations in lakes from the Tibetan Plateau,the dry areas of Northwestern China,the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the plains of Eastern China since the LGM is then provided.The driving mechanism for variations in lake processes and characteristics is also discussed based on various temporal scales.The author then proposes that future investigations be conducted to:(1) strengthen the study of theoretics and interpretation of environment-indicating proxies,(2) enhance the study of high-resolution time series and spatial variability of lake environment evolution,(3) provide more attention on the influence of human activities on lake environments,and(4) boost construction of the Quaternary lake database of China.     

Quaternary transgressive and regressive depositional sequences in the East China Sea

Based on the interpretation more than 4000 km sparker single channel seismic profiles and the comparison with Borehole DZQ4 on the outer shelf of the East China Sea (ECS),the seismic sequences,sedimentary facies and paleo-sedimentary environment are studied to establish the chronology framework and discuss the Quaternary transgressive and regressive sequences of the ECS shelf as well as their response to glacio-eustatic sea-level changes.The sea level of the ECS fluctuated with global climate changes in the Quaternary.During the sea level rise,the pacific tidal wave impacted actively on the ECS continental shelf and the reciprocating tidal currents in NW-SE direction formed tidal sand ridges,which represent large transgressive deposits visible on the seismic profiles.In response to sea level fall,the Yangtze River deltas prograded seaward and built massive subaqueous deltas to form regressive sequences on the seismic profiles.Alternative transgression and regression sequences were vertically distributed on the ECS shelf with the frequent eustacy in the Quaternary.The gentle slope of the ECS shelf makes it possible for the coastline to migrate hundreds of kilometers forth and back on the shelf because of tens of meters sea level changes,in the meanwhile,the Yangtze River discharged large amounts of sediments into the ECS resulting in large-scale subaqueous deltas and tidal sand ridges.There have developed 3 stages of tidal sand ridges and 4 stages of deltas on the ECS shelf since oxygen isotope stage 8.     

Overpressure distribution and pressuring mechanism on the southern margin of the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China

The south margin of the Junggar Basin, Northwest- ern China, lies on the northern piedmont of the Tian- shan Mountains. From the Permian to the Quaternary, this area has been continuously subsiding, resulting in a large topographic depression for continental-type flu- vial and lacustrine deposits. The sediments consist of interlayers of conglomerate, sand, silt and shale. Their total thickness reaches about 15000 m. Since the Neo-gene Period, the basin has been susceptible to the com- pres…     

Cosmogenic ^10Be dating of Guxiang and Baiyu Glaciations

Guxiang and Baiyu Glaciations are two previously recognized local glaciations of the Tibetan Plateau. They have been widely used as the reference standard for classifying Late Quaternary glaciations on the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding mountains. However, the numerical chronologies of both glaciations have been lacking. In this study, cosmogenic They dating was undertaken to define the timing of these two glaciations. The surface boulders deposited by the glaciers of the Guxiang and Baiyu Glaciations have exposure ages of 112.9±16.7-136.5±15.8 ka BP and 11.1±1.9-18.5±2.2 ka BP, respectively. It is likely that the Guxiang and Baiyu Glaciations correspond to marine isotope stages 6 and 2, respectively.     

Calcimicrobialite after end-Permian mass extinction in South China and its palaeoenvironmental significance

Calcimicrobialites, which could be correlated to the layer 27 in Meishan section according to the Hindeodus parvus, occur abruptly on the end-Permian mass extinction boundary in South China. Microbialites mainly distribute on the top of reef facies or shallow carbonate platforms, thinning into deep facies. All the microbialites discovered are composed of micrite and coarse crystal digitate carbonate or patch carbonate. Microfossils usually dominate in the microbialites, and small gastropods, bivalves and ostracodes can also be found. This fossil assemblage represents a simple but particular remanent biota after the end-Permian mass extinction on the top of reefs or shallow carbonate platforms.Abrupt occurrence of microbialites above the mass extinction boundary is the ecological response to the end-Permian global event in reef or shallow carbonate facies. Many studies have been done on the Permian-Triassic boundary and event in deep water facies sections or middle to lower shelf facies sections. However, the calcimicrobialites in South China are mainly located above reef facies or shallow carbonate platform facies. It will surely be helpful for people to know more about the different responses in different depths of ancient marine environment during the transition between Permian and Triassic by the study of petrology,palaeontology and palaeoecology of the calcimicrobialites.     

Dynamics of sediment resuspension and the conceptual schema of nutrient release in the large shallow Lake Taihu,China

On the basis of investigations in situ, it was found that mass exchange on the water-sediment interface occurred chiefly on the superficial sediment within 5-10 cm. The spatial physicochemical character of sediment was distributed uniformly. The observation of lake currents and waves indicated that the dynamic sources, which act on the interface of water and sediment, came mainly from waves under strong wind forcing, while the critical shear stresses     

南京长江大桥附近长江古河谷的形成及沉积特征

末次盛冰期,由于海平面大幅度下降,长江发育古深槽.分析认为,研究剖面附近的深切河槽是局部的深切结果.南京古河谷沉积物,可以分为三期明显的由粗到细的沉积韵律:末次盛冰期深切古河谷,沉积物颗粒粗,从卵砾石到中砂、粗砂;冰后期河床较宽,沉积物从砾石、粗砂到中砂、细砂;全新世,河流进一步展宽,流速变慢,泥沙大量沉积,沉积物从粗砂、中砂到细砂、粉砂,细砂沉积厚度很大.各期河床形态和沉积物的特征,反映了末次盛冰期、冰后期、全新世时期的气候变化和环境演变.     

黄河下游原阳段沉积物粒度特征与沉积环境分析

为探究现代黄河下游沉积环境演化,在原阳段钻取了两个钻孔岩芯(YHX-1、YHX-2),通过对钻孔沉积物粒度测试与分析,运用沉积物粒度参数、频率曲线与概率累积曲线,结合沉积物岩性及周边钻孔年代信息,划分研究区钻孔地质年代,揭示研究区沉积水动力条件及环境演化历史。结果表明：YHX-1分为7个沉积段,YHX-2钻孔为11个阶段,中更新世时期,两根钻孔以中细砂为主,沉积相以河床亚相为主;晚更新世时期,钻孔经历短暂河漫滩微相,进入漫长的河床相沉积;全新世早期,YHX-1钻孔由湖泊沼泽沉积转变为河漫滩沉积,YHX-2钻孔为河漫滩沉积;全新世晚期,黄河改道流入当今河道,两根钻孔河床沉积相对比分析表明,改道后黄河主河道经历由北向南的变迁过程。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘环县地区直罗组沉积相及其与铀矿化的关系

含矿层沉积相及沉积砂体是控制铀矿化的重要因素之一,综合利用钻井岩芯观察、岩石薄片分析、测井等资料,编制典型钻孔柱状图、地层厚度、砂岩厚度及砂岩百分含量图等,对环县地区直罗组沉积相及其对铀矿化的关系进行研究。结果表明:环县地区直罗组早期以辫状河沉积为主,发育辫状河道和泛滥平原等沉积微相;晚期为曲流河沉积,发育河道、河漫滩、天然堤等沉积微相。沉积相对该区铀成矿具有明显的控制作用:辫状河道为铀矿化富集最有利部位;砂体厚度及沉积微相控制着铀矿化的空间展布,主要分布在辫状河道的边部砂体减薄的地带及与泛滥平原相变地带。     

粘土矿物分析及其指示的气候意义 ——以毛乌素沙漠滴哨沟湾为例

以毛乌素沙漠东南缘萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾剖面DGS1层段为代表,对其粘土矿物组成进行分析.结果显示,DGS1层段粘土矿物以石英、钾长石、钠长石、伊利石、蒙脱石、方解石和绿泥石为主,各层位均不含高岭石.各种沉积相矿物组成基本一致,说明该地区的矿物来源基本一致.不同沉积相粘土矿物含量不尽相同,沙丘砂、次生黄土中的石英、长石、伊利石、绿泥石等代表干、寒气候的粘土矿物含量高,湖沼相中的蒙脱石、方解石等代表暖湿气候的粘土矿物含量高,个别湖沼相层位出现了白云石.粘土矿物组分表现出萨拉乌苏河流域全新世气候特征:本地区全新世总体偏冷干,各沉积相缺失高岭石而均存在绿泥石可为证明;本地区全新世气候分为两个主要气候阶段,早期到中期堆积湖沼相为主的时期气候相对温暖湿润;中期以后到现在堆积次生黄土和沙丘砂的阶段气候相对寒冷干燥.     

江西赣江下游中支现代网状河流沉积

赣江下游中支网状河位于赣江现代三角洲平原上 ,它们具有重复分叉合并、快速加积、低坡降、低弯度等特点 ,其河道具有较高的侧向稳定性 ,并且发育天然堤、决口扇、废弃河道、河间漫滩、湖泊、沼泽和江心洲等地貌单元。网状河道的沉积物多以沙砾石和中细沙为主 ,概率累积曲线多为三段式 ,并以跳跃组分为主。砂体内部主要发育槽状交错层理。河道间其他地貌单元 (如河漫滩、湖泊和沼泽等 )以细粒沉积物为主。河口盆地的上升、三角洲地带水流的扩散、长江倒灌水流的顶托、坡降很低以及江心洲稳定等是赣江网状河形成的主要因素     

冲积河流相层序地层学研究

运用沉积学及层序地层学原理 ,分析了河流类型及其形成发育特征 ,借鉴国内外有关冲积河流环境下的层序地层模式 ,特别是近海冲积环境下层序地层模式 ,并以济阳坳陷新近系为例 ,建立了更具普遍意义的冲积河流相层序地层模式 ,探讨了不同体系域的特征及其与河流类型之间的关系。研究结果表明 ,冲积河流相地层的体系域划分具有 4分性特征 ,即主要发育有低水位体系域、扩张体系域、高水位体系域 ,当基准面缓慢下降时 ,还可发育收缩体系域。根据济阳坳陷新近系沉积特征 ,指出了各体系域对应的沉积体系及相类型。其中 ,低水位体系域时期以侵蚀下切、冲积扇辫状河沉积为主 ;扩张体系域时期是由辫状河向曲流河过渡 ;高水位体系域时期以曲流河为主 ;收缩体系域时期是由曲流河向辫状河过渡。     

长江三角洲南翼第四纪沉积层序及其与古环境演变的耦合

为研究长江三角洲南翼第四纪地层划分及其与古环境演变的耦合关系,对长江三角洲南翼的第四系BZK02孔(孔深322. 1 m,取芯率大于96%),进行沉积物粒度、孢粉和微体古生物分析,结合岩性地层讨论了上新世以来钻孔揭示的孢粉组合、古环境演化、沉积层序和古气候特征。结果表明,研究区上新世以来经历了多次环境变化,孢粉类型鉴定133种,有孔虫鉴定17属29种,介形类鉴定7属8种。钻孔自下而上揭示岩性第四纪沉积地层依次为上新统嘉兴组一段(299. 8～322. 0 m)、早更新统嘉兴组(160～299. 8 m)、中更新统前港组(87. 3～160. 0 m)、晚更新统东浦组(72. 0～87. 3 m)、晚更新统宁波组(18. 6～72. 0 m)、全新统镇海组(0～18. 6 m)。古环境演化主要表现为上新世以残积坡、河流沉积为主,气候温冷偏湿;早更新世以河流相、河湖相沉积为主,气候经历温暖湿润-寒冷干燥变化的2个旋回;中更新世早期为河流-滨海相沉积,气候温暖湿润,晚期为河湖相沉积为主,气候温凉干燥;晚更新世以河湖、潮坪、河口沉积环境为主,气候经历温暖湿润-温暖偏干-温暖偏湿-寒冷干燥变化;全新世以浅海相、河湖相、湖沼相沉积环境,气候特征早期为干冷,晚期温暖偏干。     

孤岛油田馆陶组湖相沉积认识及应用

济阳拗陷新近系馆陶组普遍发育河流相的观念由来已久,研究中重点通过连续取芯井的岩芯观察,以及综合利用录井、测井、古生物及相关分析化验资料,运用沉积学理论,丰富和发展了原有孤岛油田馆陶组仅仅普遍发育河流相的沉积观点,认为馆陶组下段不仅发育砾质辫状河沉积,还发育辫状河三角洲—充填型浅水湖泊沉积体系;馆陶组上段初期发育辫状河、曲流河等河流相沉积,中晚期发育浅水三角洲—氧化型浅水湖泊以及浅水振荡湖泊沉积体系。湖相沉积模式在与油田生产密切相关的小层对比和油气勘探中的应用广泛。     

后沙峪凹陷第四纪高精度地层格架及地质意义

通过对后沙峪凹陷ZK19钻孔自然伽马测井曲线进行旋回地层分析,以古地磁测年数据为年龄锚点,建立了后沙峪凹陷第四纪0.1 Ma年精度的年代标尺,为后续研究后沙峪第四纪的构造演化、气候变化提供了精细的年龄标定。通过对钻孔ZK19开展沉积相分析,将地时与沉积相分析相结合,讨论本区第四纪以来的沉积演化,以及沉积环境对第四纪新构造运动的响应。分析表明,钻孔中识别出的两次浅湖沉积,沉积时间分别为2 240～2 152 ka, 1 784～1 475 ka,分别对应了早更新世早期的西山强烈上升时期和早更新世中期的青藏运动B幕,北京地区构造以北东向断裂活动为主导。根据后沙峪凹陷浅湖相的消亡时间,确定后沙峪凹陷的形成时间大概2 080 ka。晚更新世以来,北东向断裂表现为整体运动,两盘差异不大,后沙峪地区主要为曲流河的沉积环境。     

泌阳凹陷毕店地区核桃园组核三段沉积特征与含油性研究

毕店地区位于多物源交汇带,沉积相带变化快,各个物源作用范围界定不清,受不同相带控制的砂体发育规律认识不清。通过对研究区沉积特征及含油性研究,对确定砂体规模和分布范围、寻找岩性-构造复合型油气藏有重要现实意义。本文在岩心、录井、测井及测试分析等资料研究基础上,认为研究区西部、北部、东北主要发育曲流河三角洲沉积体系,南部发育扇三角洲沉积体系以及东南部发育重力流与湖泊沉积体系;研究层段的基准面经历过6次上升和3次下降过程,在基准面相对较低时期,其主体沉积微相为水下分流河道、河口坝(前缘砂),沉积砂体较厚,水下分流河道延伸范围广,河道分支较多;在基准面相对较高时期,其主体沉积微相为远砂坝(席状砂)、湖相,沉积砂体薄,水下分流河道规模小、数量少,远砂坝及席状砂大面积发育。结合构造、生产动态数据,认为研究区油藏属于构造油气藏、岩性油气藏和复合油气藏,油气聚集受构造情况、优势沉积相,基准面升降等控制明显。