钝化304不锈钢在弱碱性含氯介质中的点蚀机理

采用交流阻抗技术研究了钝化304不锈钢在pH8.4,H_3BO_3(0.2Mol/t-Na_2B_4O_7(0.05mol/1)及pH9.2,Na_2B4O_7(0.05moI/I)的含氯介质中的点蚀行为;提出了点蚀的反应机理及发展阶段的界面等效电路模型,并认为在点蚀的发生和发展阶段都可能有复合物(MOHCl)及其进一步的吸附产物(MOHCl-Cl_n~-)形成。     

Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu堆焊合金与304不锈钢的空蚀

将Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu合金通过钨极氩弧焊堆焊到304不锈钢表面,利用超声波振动设备模拟空蚀环境,研究Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu合金作为不锈钢堆焊层,在人工海水环境下的空蚀行为及耐空蚀性能,测定Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu堆焊合金空蚀过程中的失重量和失重率,并与同样空蚀条件下的304不锈钢进行对比,用扫描电镜(SEM)对试样堆焊层的空蚀后的表面与截面进行观察.结果表明:Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu合金材料比304不锈钢具有更好的耐空蚀性能;空蚀过程中合金在晶界薄弱处易产生裂纹,并在延伸和扩展后促使材料发生剥落;空蚀冲击使合金发生了加工硬化,提高了堆焊层的耐空蚀性能.     

不同种不锈钢电化学腐蚀性能的对比

采用CHI660D电化学工作站研究304、316L、2205、2507不锈钢在模拟塔里木油田复杂腐蚀介质中的电化学腐蚀性能,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其表面的腐蚀产物膜进行对比分析.结果表明:2种复杂腐蚀介质条件下,随温度升高,4种不锈钢的耐蚀性和抗点蚀能力都会降低.CO2的通入对不锈钢的腐蚀过程影响较为复杂.20℃时,4种不锈钢的耐蚀性和抗点蚀能力随CO2的加入均降低;而50、80℃时,4种不锈钢的耐蚀性和抗点蚀能力则会增强.相同腐蚀条件下,4种不锈钢的耐腐蚀能力由强到弱的顺序为:2507、2205、316L、304.     

不锈钢裸表面在氯化物溶液中的点腐蚀

研究了不锈钢去膜表面在氯化镁介质中的点腐蚀现象。去膜表面发生点蚀的临界电位低于膜覆盖表面发生点蚀的临界电位。去膜表面的点蚀主要在晶界和夹杂起源。点蚀形貌是敏锐的条纹状花样。根据作者提出的裸表面与氯化物介质反应步骤模型讨论了点蚀特征电位的意义以及裸表面点蚀形成的过程。     

不锈钢阳极钝化行为的电化学调制光谱研究

利用电化学调制光谱,并结合电化学稳态法和交流阻抗技术,研究了304不锈钢在含Cl~-离子介质中的阳极钝化行为。初步结果是:当不锈钢处于阳极钝化区,其表面钝化膜的化学组分、价态及介电性质等随电化学环境的不同,而发生复杂的变化;在不同的电位区,其表面组分富集不同;钝化膜中的物质价态随电位正移,从低价态向高价态过渡变化;介质中的Cl~-离子对钝化膜中组分具有选择性的活化溶解作用,这种作用可从离点腐蚀特征电位较远的低电位区开始,且随电位的正移而愈趋强烈。     

孔蚀监测方法的研究

本文讨论了孔蚀监测的基本理论,并通过对AISI 405与304不锈钢在流动状态、充氧状态、添加剂多变的人造海水体系,进行零电流电极电位、模拟闭塞阳极电位、模拟闭塞电池电流以及阴阳极极化阻率的监测,同时进行金属表面观测,取得较好的一致性,预示在现场对孔蚀进行综合监测的可能性,总结了孔蚀发生与发展的主要判定参数。     

多烯胺钼酸盐缓蚀剂对不锈钢孔蚀的缓蚀作用和机理

采用Ｅｂ－ｔ曲线，极化曲线，化学交流阻抗，恒电位ｉ－ｔ曲线等方法研究了多烯胺钼酸盐对１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢孔蚀的缓蚀作用和要理，发现ＭＤＴＡ对不锈钢孔蚀的引发和扩展过程有良好的缓蚀作用，表现出阳极抑制型缓蚀剂的特征；ＭＤＴＡ使不锈钢的Ｎｙｑｕｉｓｔ图谱呈单一容抗弧，并使电化学阻抗显著增大，不锈钢的致航表面保护膜的修复能力在ＭＤＴＡ水溶液有不同程度的改善；ＭＤＴＡ在水溶液中存在电离平衡。     

Super304H奥氏体不锈钢的晶间腐蚀性能

采用电化学动电位再活化法(EPR)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了固溶态和敏化态Super304H奥氏体不锈钢在0.5mol/L H2SO4+0.01mol/L KSCN溶液中的晶间腐蚀性能.EPR结果表明,固溶态与敏化态的Super304H不锈钢均无晶间腐蚀倾向;相对而言,敏化态Super304H不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性高于固溶态不锈钢.电化学阻抗谱结果表明,两种Super304H不锈钢的阻抗谱特征相同,敏化态不锈钢的电荷转移电阻值比固溶态低一个数量级,表明敏化处理后不锈钢抗腐蚀性能下降.     

304 L不锈钢焊缝在混凝土模拟孔隙液中的点蚀行为

采用动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱、Mott-Schottky曲线等电化学方法研究了以308 L为焊丝的304 L不锈钢焊接接头在不同氯离子含量的混凝土模拟孔隙液中腐蚀行为和电化学规律。随Cl-增加,304 L不锈钢焊接接头的三个区域(母材、焊缝和热影响区)在混凝土模拟孔隙液中的自腐蚀电位、点蚀电位及电荷转移电阻降低,钝化膜中载流子密度和焊接接头的点蚀坑数量增加。在同浓度的腐蚀溶液中,308 L的焊缝区域耐蚀性最佳,热影响区次之,304 L基体表现出低的电荷转移电阻和高的掺杂浓度使得母材的耐蚀性最差。     

残余应力存在时Cl-对304不锈钢管道点蚀行为的影响

探究残余应力状态对304不锈钢管点蚀行为的影响,采用开路电位、动电位极化、交流阻抗谱、Mott-Schottky等方法,研究应力状态及Cl^-浓度两种关键因素对冷弯加工后的304不锈钢弯管腐蚀行为的影响,测试弯管不同部位在100、1 000 mg/L的Cl^-溶液中的点蚀行为及钝化膜特性,分析了应力状态和Cl^-浓度对不锈钢点蚀行为的影响规律及对应腐蚀机理。结果表明,冷加工后304不锈钢U弯拉伸面、压缩面的残余应力分别为拉应力和压应力,未变形的直管部分几乎无应力。腐蚀试验表明,当Cl^-质量浓度为100 mg/L时,残余应力会增强不锈钢耐Cl^-点蚀的能力并降低钝化膜的载流子浓度,拉应力作用效果强于压应力,而无应力处蚀坑深度最大(80.426μm);当Cl^-质量浓度为1 000 mg/L时,拉应力与压应力均降低不锈钢耐Cl^-点蚀的能力,且拉应力处蚀坑深度(117.956μm)为同浓度下最大。     

Study on pitting process of 316L stainless steel by means of staircase potential electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Pitting corrosion of 316L stainless steel in NaCl solution was investigated by means of staircase potential electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (SPEIS). The investigation focused on the transition of stainless steel from the passive state to pitting corrosion. Based on the evolution of electrical parameters of the equivalent electrical circuit, it is suggested that the most probable mechanism of pit creation is the film breaking model. The result demonstrates that staircase potential electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is an effective method for the investigation of pitting corrosion.     

Fe-Cr合金的钝化膜和点蚀发展模型

本文采用AFS和FPMA以及旋转圆盘—圆环电极等方法,对三种Fe-Cr合金在3.5％NaCl溶液中的钝化和点蚀行为进行了研究,考察了铬的作用和溶解机理,并据此提出了两种点蚀发展模型。     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠对不锈钢孔蚀的缓蚀作用

采用浸蚀法、测定孔蚀特征电位及ｉ－ｔ曲线、模拟闭塞电池试验及交流阻抗频谱技术等，研究了１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢在氯化物水溶液中的孔蚀行为，以及十二烷基苯磷酸钠和／或单乙醇胺对孔蚀引发与扩展过程的抑制作用．发现十二烷基苯磷酸钠及单乙醇胺对本腐蚀体系有一定的缓蚀作用，二者有明显的协同效应，这种效应主要表现在对孔蚀扩展阶段的影响．模拟闭塞电池实验表明，孔蚀的扩展阶段包含稳定扩展阶段及加速扩展阶段，添加剂使稳定扩展阶段的Ｎｙｑｕｉｓｔ图的低频部容抗派加大；在加速扩展阶段，低频部增加一个容抗弧．     

Effects of deoxidizing degree on the pitting corrosion behavior of carbon and manganese steels

Nine steels with different deoxidizing degrees and two comparative steels were selected. Their pitting initiation susceptibility was compared by means of potentiodynamic polarization tests in 3wt% NaCl solution. The pit propagation rate was evaluated in artificial sea water and 3wt% sea salt solution by simulating occluded corrosion cell (SOCC) test and hanging plate test, respectively. The composition of inclusions and corrosive feature were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), and optical microscopy (OM). The results indicate that sulfide inclusions in steel are the sites for pit nucleation. The sulphide inclusions vary in shape from short spindle-like to long strip-like with increasing deoxidizing degree. Under the same conditions, the lower the deoxidizing degree gets, the lower the pitting initiation susceptibility becomes, and the stronger the resistance to pit propagation exhibits. For steels with different deoxidizing degrees, their pitting initiation susceptibility is mainly influenced by thermodynamic stability, while the pit propagation rate is primarily subject to the characteristics of inclusions in steel.     

随机点蚀对Q460等边角钢抗拉性能的影响

为了揭示点蚀损伤对构件破坏模式和极限承载力的影响机理,完善腐蚀角钢构件的力学性能评估体系,基于腐蚀试验数据和数值模拟,提出针对随机点蚀角钢构件的有限元模型构建方法,研究腐蚀损伤体积、蚀坑尺寸和蚀坑分布位置对Q460点蚀等边角钢构件极限抗拉承载力的影响,并根据其极限抗拉承载力劣化规律,采用非线性回归的方式拟合了点蚀角钢极限抗拉承载力的折减公式.结果表明,随机点蚀角钢的极限抗拉承载力退化整体上与腐蚀损伤体积呈正相关,蚀坑半径和蚀坑分布位置对承载力的影响较小,但蚀坑深度和蚀坑分布范围的影响不容忽视,拟合的点蚀角钢极限抗拉承载力的折减公式较刚度折减法和厚度折减法误差更小,准确度较高,可见其适用于点蚀角钢构件极限抗拉承载力的计算,可以应用到实际工程分析中.     

化学-力学耦合作用下混凝土内钢筋蚀坑的演化及分布规律

基于概率与统计知识,对化学-力学耦合作用下钢筋蚀坑的演化及其分布进行研究.结果表明氯盐侵蚀下钢筋蚀坑的演化可分为3个阶段:微观非稳态点蚀形核、细观亚稳态蚀坑、宏观稳态蚀坑.单一氯盐腐蚀作用下形成的宏观稳态蚀坑深度相对较小,而拉应力的引入将加剧钢筋表面化学/物理性质的不均匀,从而导致宏观稳态蚀坑深度较大.在氯盐及其与拉应...     

Why stainless steel corrodes

Stainless steels are used in countless diverse applications for their corrosion resistance. Although they have extremely good general resistance, they are nevertheless susceptible to pitting corrosion. This localized dissolution of an oxide-covered metal in specific aggressive environments is one of the most common and catastrophic causes of failure of metallic structures. The pitting process has been described as random, sporadic and stochastic and the prediction of the time and location of events remains extremely difficult. Many contested models of pitting corrosion exist, but one undisputed aspect is that manganese sulphide inclusions play a critical role. Indeed, the vast majority of pitting events are found to occur at, or adjacent to, such second-phase particles. Chemical changes in and around sulphide inclusions have been postulated as a mechanism for pit initiation but such variations have never been measured. Here we use nanometre-scale secondary ion mass spectroscopy to demonstrate a significant reduction in the Cr:Fe ratio of the steel matrix around MnS particles. These chromium-depleted zones are susceptible to high-rate dissolution that 'triggers' pitting. The implications of these results are that materials processing conditions control the likelihood of corrosion failures, and these data provide a basis for optimizing such conditions.     

钛孔蚀动力学研究

利用人工模拟单孔试样，测量了钛在溴化物介质中孔蚀发展速度，并在位测量了孔蚀发展过程中孔内介质的变化。实验表明，在蚀孔发展过程中，蚀孔表面形成盐膜屏蔽层，蚀孔发展速度受盐膜溶解控制。随蚀孔发展，孔内活性阴离子浓度提高了十几倍，Ｈ＾＋浓度提高了４．５个数量级。利用法拉第定律和传输方程，推导了盐膜溶液控制条件下的蚀孔发展速度方程。     

mmunohistochemical localization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors (GnRHR) in the nervous system, Hatschek's pit and gonads of amphioxus, Branchiostoma belcheri

Using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) anti-idiotypic antibodies and APA im-munohistochemical method, the immunoreactivity of GnRHR in the nervous system, Hatschek's pit and gonads of amphioxus has been located. It is found for the first time that the immunoreactivity of GnRHR exists in the nerve cells and fibers in the amphioxus's brain and nerve tube and the epithelial cells of Hatschek's pit at the different stages of gonadal development. At the same time, it is also found that GnRHR also exists in the ovary and testis of different developed stages. These findings provide morphological new proof for the informative transfer and regulation between brain and Hatschek's pit mediation by GnRHR, and for the understanding of the mechanism of action on the reproductive endocrine control axis among brain-Hatschek's pit-go-nads.