倾斜角度和动载对管内流动影响

本文实验研究了动载作用下不同倾斜角度的管内单相流、气液混合两相流以及沸腾汽液两相流的压力变化特性。通过对实验数据的处理与分析,考察了动载和倾斜角度对实验管段进出口压力的影响,获得了试验管内流体的压力变化特性。     

低质量含气率折流板管壳式换热器壳侧气液两相流动与换热特性的实验研究

采用实验的方法研究低质量含气率(3%~5%)对折流板管壳式换热器壳侧气液两相换热和流动的影响,在相同的管内流体参数下比较了壳侧单相与两相流体流动和换热特性,并结合实验数据分析不同两相流流型下壳侧的流动与换热特性。以迪图斯-贝尔特公式为基础拟合出努谢尔特数Nu和雷诺数Re的关系式,以气液两相均相流模型为基础拟合出摩擦阻力系数fi与Re的关系式,为折流板管壳式换热器气液两相流的应用提供参考依据。     

伪均质固液两相流水陆压力的计算方程及验证

根据伪均质固定液两相流的特征，推求了连续方程及运动方程，建立了伪均质固液两相流水陆模型，并根据实验资料对伪均质流水击模型进行了验证，由于该模型推导中考虑了伪均质固液两相流黏度、阻力及波速的特点，与单相流模型相比具有较高的精度。     

伪均质固液两相流水击压力的计算方程及验证

根据伪均质固液两相流的特征 ,推求了连续方程及运动方程 ,建立了伪均质固液两相流水击模型 ,并根据实验资料对伪均质流水击模型进行了验证 .由于该模型推导中考虑了伪均质固液两相流黏度、阻力及波速的特点 ,与单相流模型相比具有较高的精度     

风雪流灾害数值模拟研究进展

风雪流为空气挟带着雪粒子运行的非典型的气一固两相流。通过国内外学者六十多年的研究,在风雪流的运动特性、垂直分布规律以及输运规律、雪粒子的物理性质等方面取得了一系列研究成果,基础理论研究日趋成熟,提出了湍流扩散理论。在风雪流数值模拟方面,提出了FLOW-3D、CFD（Fluent）、IAP94、SNOWPACK等一些模型和软件。由于数值模拟工作开展较晚,建立的模型和开发的相关软件还不够完善。气一固两相流理论模拟没有考虑雪的物理性质随时问和环境的变化,模型总体比较简单,难以直接用来分析复杂地区风雪流灾害的规律。今后气-固两相流理论和多场耦合理论应该是风雪流研究的重难点,进一步开发适应复杂地区的、精度更高的专业软件,加强灾害评价方法的研究与应用。     

冲泻区水动力特性的数值分析

基于三维非稳态的Navier．Stokes方程，采用有限体积法进行数值离散，在构造高分辨率STACS格式的VOF方法的基础上，建立基于气液两相流的三维自由面流动模型，并基于该模型对三维剪切流场和圆柱水体坍塌进行了三维模拟，检验其数值精度．应用该模型数值研究冲泻区内涌波（bore）在均匀斜坡上的动态传播过程．对上爬水流自由面水位高度与实验数值进行对比，结果显示数值解与实验解吻合较好，模型能很好描述水流的掺气运动．数值分析了涌波崩塌（BoreCollapse）、上冲流（Uprush）和回落流（Backwash）等过程中的自由水面、瞬时流速及床面最大剪切应力的时空分布．结果表明，冲泻区水动力结构时空变化非常复杂，模型能捕捉到高速薄层水流结构，优于前人的数值结果，研究有利于进一步了解冲泻区内的泥沙输运规律及岸滩演变机制．     

一种单相机三维体视PIV技术及其应用

三维体视粒子图像测速(Volumetric PIV)是获得空间体内三维速度场的激光测速技术.本文详细介绍了一种单相机三维流场测速新方法,其原理是在相机与被测流场之间加装一个三棱面特效透镜,光线通过该透镜三个棱面的折射能实现多相机不同视角成像的效果,经过三维粒子的重构,进而实现三维体视PIV的测量.论文对三维空间标靶标定、标定函数的自修正和三维粒子重构进行了误差分析.在零质量射流涡环测量方面的应用表明,该方法能够获得零质量射流涡环三维流动结构的时序结果,且具有较高的测量精度,体相关分析经过两次迭代后速度矢量的辨识率能达到95%左右.涡结构的辨识分别采用了ci与涡量判据,通过比较可以看出ci判据能有效的消除射流剪切流动的影响,对旋涡结构的辨识明显优于涡量判据.     

纳米流体的格子Boltzmann模拟

纳米流体是由流体与纳米粒子组成的胶体悬浮物, 与普通固液两相流相比, 其传热性能明显增强. 悬浮在流体中的纳米粒子会受到运动阻力、Brown力、粒子间扩散力、重力等内力或外力的影响, 因而其运动规律极其复杂. 根据纳米流体中粒子和液体介质的受力关系, 建立了纳米流体的格子Boltzmann流动与传热模型, 并用于分析纳米粒子的动态分布.     

航天器升空过程振动环境的地面试验条件

卫星、飞船等航天器振动试验目的是考核它们对升空过程低频振动环境的适应性.本文对卫星随火升空和整星地面振动试验两种状态进行了仿真计算,星界面横向振动同的条下,比较两种状态卫星顶点的动响应,结果毫无共同点.这是由于升空过程星界面有角运动,而地面试验却制界面角运动.仿升空状态的计算中,确定了与星界面运动关的角运动,并以此作为振动试验补充条,进行地面振动试验仿真计算,此时卫星顶点动响应与升空状态一致.可见补充角运动条是现航天器地面振动试验与其升空过程振动环境一致的有效方法,也为多自由度振动台的应用和条制定提供了依据.     

基于微小电极的气中电火花加工试验研究

为了解微小尺度电极的气中电火花加工性能,为进一步的气中微细电火花加工的深入研究进行必要的基础研究,本文在自行研制的加工装置上对气中小尺度电极的电火花加工工艺性能进行了研究.首先采用单因素法考察了微小尺度电极的气中电火花加工规律,并进行了正交试验研究,对实验现象进行了分析;最后进行了三维结构的电火花铣削加工试验.实验结果 表明,在一定的试验条件下,气中微小尺度电极电火花加工速度随着脉冲能量的增加而增加.在伺服条件不变的情况下,峰值电流和脉冲宽度是影响气中小尺度电极电火花加工速度及电极损耗的主要因素.实现了微小尺度电极的三维结构的加工,并在硅片上加工出了EDM字样.试验验证了进行气中微小电极电火花的可行性.     

Inherent properties and statistics with individual particles in quantum mechanics

This paper puts forward the hypothesis that the distinctive features of quantum statistics are exclusively determined by the nature of the properties it describes. In particular, all statistically relevant properties of identical quantum particles in many-particle systems are conjectured to be irreducible, ‘inherent’ properties only belonging to the whole system. This allows one to explain quantum statistics without endorsing the ‘Received View’ that particles are non-individuals, or postulating that quantum systems obey peculiar probability distributions, or assuming that there are primitive restrictions on the range of states accessible to such systems. With this, the need for an unambiguously metaphysical explanation of certain physical facts is acknowledged and satisfied.     

Spasmin-like proteins in various ciliates revealed by antibody to purified spasmins ofCarchesium polypinum

Summary It was found that some ciliates,Stentor, Spirostomum andBlepharisma, which can contract rapidly like the stalks of Vorticellidae, have Ca²⁺-binding proteins that are very similar to spasmins, in the immunological sense. The presence of spasmins in other Protozoa and in some Metazoa was also investigated.     

Partial sequence of the gene for a serine protease from a halophilic archaeumhaloferax mediterranei R4, and nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from several halophilic archaea

A part of the gene coding for a halophilic serine protease from a halophilic archaeumHaloferax mediterranei R4 was amplified by PCR and its 672 nucleotide sequence was determined. Tentative translation to the amino acid sequence suggested that the enzyme was quite similar to halolysin produced by another halophilic archaeum strain 172P1. Nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from 9 halophilic archaea were determined. Alignment of 19 sequences known so far showed that there are more than 20 positions carrying bases or deletions specific for each halobacterial genus:Halobacterium, Haloarcula, Haloferax, andHalococcus.     

Endorcine cells producing regulatory peptides

Summary Recent data on the immunologication of regulatory peptides and related propeptide sequences in endocrine cells and tumours of the gastrointestinal tract pancreas, lung, thyroid, pituitary (ACTH and opioids), adrenals and paraganglia have been revised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory beenrevised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide), neurotensin, glicentin/glucagon-37 and PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine) are the main products of gastrointestinal endocrine cells; glucagon, CRF (corticotropin releasing factor), somatostatin, PP (pancreatic polypeptide) and GRF (growth hormone releasing factor), in addition to insulin, are produced in pancreatic islet cells; bombesin-related peptidesare the main markers of pulmonary endocrine cells; calcitonin and CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) occur in thyroid and extrathyroid C cells; ACTH and endorphins in anterior and intermediate lobe pituitary cells, -MSH and CLIP (corticotropoin-like intermediate lobe peptide) in intermediate lobe cells; met- and leu-enkephalins and related peptides in adrenal medullary and paraganglionic cells as well as in some gut (enterochromaffin) cells; NPY (neuropeptide Y) in adrenalin-type adrenal medullary cells, etc.. Both tissue-appropriate and tissue-inappropriate regulatory peptides are produced by endocrine tumours, with inappropriate peptides mostly produced by malignant tumours.     

Cognition wars

In what kinds of physical systems can cognition be realized? There are currently competing answers among scientists and theorists of cognition. There are many plant scientists who maintain that cognition can be realized in plants. There are biological scientists who maintain that cognition is materially realized in bacteria. In this paper, I will present the basis for such claims and evaluate them and discuss the future for theories of the metaphysical basis of cognition in the cognitive sciences.     

Anthelmintic activity of a benzimidazoline compound in sheep by abomasal infusion

Summary In vitro and in vivo data on the benzimidazoline compound indicate anthelmintic potential when introduced directly into the abomasum.     

Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly

Summary Monarch butterflies sequester cardenolides from their larval host plants in the milkweed genusAsclepias for use in defense against predation. Of 108Asclepias species in North America, monarchs are known to feed as larvae on 27. Research on 11 of these has shown that monarchs sequester cardenolides most effectively, to an asymptote of approximately 350 g/0.1 g dry butterfly, from plants with intermediate cardenolide contents rather than from those with very high or very low cardenolide contents. SinceAsclepias host plant species are distributed widely in space and time across the continent, monarchs exploit them by migration between breeding and overwintering areas. After overwintering in central Mexico, spring migrants east of the Rocky Mountains exploit three predominantAsclepias species in the southern USA that have moderately high cardenolide contents. Monarchs sequester cardenolides very effectively from these species. First generation butterflies are thus well protected against predators and continue the migration north. Across the northern USA and southern Canada most summer breeding occurs on a fourthAsclepias species and in autumn most of these monarchs migrate back to Mexican overwintering sites. The ecological implications of this cycle of cardenolide sequestration for the evolution of monarch migration are discussed.     

Bioaccumulation processes in ecosystems

The fate of environmental pollutants — the various isotopes of elements, and inorganic or organic compounds — is a fundamental aspect of ecology and ecotoxicology, and bioaccumulation is a phenomenon often discussed in this context. Human activities have drastically altered natural concentrations of many substances in the environment and added numerous new chemicals. An understanding of the processes of bioaccumulation is important for several reasons. 1) Bioaccumulation in organisms may enhance the persistence of industrial chemicals in the ecosystem as a whole, since they can be fixed in the tissues of organisms. 2) Stored chemicals are not exposed to direct physical, chemical, or biochemical degradation. 3) Stored chemicals can directly affect an individual's health. 4) Predators of those organisms that have bioaccumulated harmful substances may be endangered by food chain effects. While former theories on the processes of bioaccumulation focused on single aspects that affect the extent of accumulation (such as the trophic level within the food chain or the lipophilicity of the chemical), modern theories are based on compartmental kinetics and the integration of various environmental interactions. Concepts include results from quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), pharmacokinetics, ecophysiology and general biology, molecular genetic aspects and selection, and finally the structure of communities and man-made alterations in them.     

Mating attempts between the Scarlet Tiger Moth,Callimorpha dominula L., and the Cinnabar Moth,Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), involve a common sex pheromone composition

It has been suggested that a common sex pheromone composition may account for interspecific sexual interactions observed with certain moths in the Arctiidae. In this study, it is demonstrated that the sex pheromones released by females of the Scarlet Tiger Moth,Callimorpha dominula L., and the Cinnabar Moth,Tyria jacobaeae L., have similar activities and elute at the same retention time on analysis by coupled gas chromatography (GC)-electrophysiology with males from each species. Peak enhancement on GC, chiral GC and coupled GC-mass spectrometry using authentic compounds show that the sex pheromone for bothC. dominula andT. jacobaeae is (3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-9,10-epoxyheneicosa-3,6-diene.     

Phenology of fruit and leaf production by ‘strangler’ figs on Barro Colorado Island,Panamá

Summary Fruit and leaf initiation by 26 trees representing five stranglerFicus species in the subgenusUrostigma were monitored for 5–8 years in a seasonal lowland forest of central Panamá. Individual trees of each species initiated fruit in synchronized crops. High variation in the number of crops, intervals between crops and dates of crop initiation indicate that these species, like species in the subgenusPharmacosycea, initiate fruit crops the year around. Nevertheless, mean crop initiation dates for four of five species fell within the four-month dry season. Similarly, all species produced new leaf flushes throughout the year, however, mean leaf flush dates of all species fell within the first three months of the dry season.