固液冲蚀材料表面冲击波纹的形成机理

为了寻求耐磨性能好的工程材料,应用自行设计的罐式固液冲蚀磨损装置研究了金属材料(结构钢40#)和工程陶瓷(S i3N4)的磨损及冲击波纹的发展过程。研究表明磨粒粒径大小和磨损时间对冲蚀波纹的形成有很大的影响;实验室中获得的40#钢的表面冲击波纹与工程磨损条件下的离心泵高铬灰口铸铁表面的冲击波纹的形态基本一致。即使在90°冲击角条件下塑性材料40#钢和脆性陶瓷的表面都可以观察到发展完全的冲击波纹形态。脆性陶瓷材料表面冲蚀波纹的波长和周期特征参量除了受到流体流动状况的控制外,材料自身机械性能和微观结构(晶粒形态和大小)的影响也很大。相同的冲蚀磨损条件下,脆性材料表面冲击波纹的波长和周期比塑性金属材料的都要小。     

DNA bending induced by cruciform formation

Cruciform structures in DNA are of considerable interest, both as extreme examples of sequence-dependent structural heterogeneity and as models for four-way junctions such as the Holliday junction of homologous genetic recombination. Cruciforms are of lower thermodynamic stability than regular duplex DNA, and have been observed only in negatively supercoiled molecules, where the unfavourable free energy of formation is offset by the topological relaxation of the torsionally stressed molecule. From an experimental viewpoint this can be a disadvantage, as cruciform structures can be studied only in relatively large supercoiled DNA circles, and are destabilized when a break is introduced at any point. We therefore set out to construct a pseudo-cruciform junction--by generating hereroduplex formation between two inverted repeat sequences. Stereochemically, this should closely resemble a true cruciform but remain stable in a linear DNA fragment. We have now created such a junction and find that it has the expected sensitivities to endonucleases. These DNA fragments exhibit extremely anomalous gel electrophoretic mobility, the extent of which depends on the relative position of the pseudo-cruciform along the length of the molecule. Our results are very similar to those obtained by Wu and Crothers using kinetoplast DNA, and we conclude that the pseudo-cruciform junction introduces a bend in the linear DNA molecule.     

Electrically induced structure formation and pattern transfer

The wavelength of light represents a fundamental technological barrier to the production of increasingly smaller features on integrated circuits. New technologies that allow the replication of patterns on scales less than 100 nm need to be developed if increases in computing power are to continue at the present rate. Here we report a simple electrostatic technique that creates and replicates lateral structures in polymer films on a submicrometre length scale. Our method is based on the fact that dielectric media experience a force in an electric field gradient. Strong field gradients can produce forces that overcome the surface tension in thin liquid films, inducing an instability that features a characteristic hexagonal order. In our experiments, pattern formation takes place in polymer films at elevated temperatures, and is fixed by cooling the sample to room temperature. The application of a laterally varying electric field causes the instability to be focused in the direction of the highest electric field. This results in the replication of a topographically structured electrode. We report patterns with lateral dimensions of 140 nm, but the extension of the technique to pattern replication on scales smaller than 100 nm seems feasible.     

硫胺缺乏所致血液透析相关性脑病的临床分析

分析硫胺（维生素B1）缺乏所致血液透析相关性脑病的临床特征，并探讨其早期诊断与治疗方法。方法：对10例临床诊断为硫胺缺乏所致血液透析相关性脑病患者的临床表现、治疗及疗效等进行临床分析。结果：本组患者临床表现呈多样化，包括舞蹈病、快速进展性痴呆、肌阵挛、抽搐、意识模糊、嗜睡和昏迷等。10例中7例经肌肉注射维生素B1后病情缓解，3例死亡患者其维生素B1治疗均开始于脑病表现出现1周以后。所有病例均为伴有严重消化道症状的初次接受血透治疗的患者。结论：血液透析病人出现难以解释的中枢神经系统表现时，应高度重视硫胺缺乏所致血液透析相关性脑病的发生，及时补充维生素B1及营养支持治疗可望缓解病情，否则可致患者可死亡。     

A giant chlorophyll-protein complex induced by iron deficiency in cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are abundant throughout most of the world's water bodies and contribute significantly to global primary productivity through oxygenic photosynthesis. This reaction is catalysed by two membrane-bound protein complexes, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII), which both contain chlorophyll-binding subunits functioning as an internal antenna. In addition, phycobilisomes act as peripheral antenna systems, but no additional light-harvesting systems have been found under normal growth conditions. Iron deficiency, which is often the limiting factor for cyanobacterial growth in aquatic ecosystems, leads to the induction of additional proteins such as IsiA (ref. 3). Although IsiA has been implicated in chlorophyll storage, energy absorption and protection against excessive light, its precise molecular function and association to other proteins is unknown. Here we report the purification of a specific PSI-IsiA supercomplex, which is abundant under conditions of iron limitation. Electron microscopy shows that this supercomplex consists of trimeric PSI surrounded by a closed ring of 18 IsiA proteins binding around 180 chlorophyll molecules. We provide a structural characterization of an additional chlorophyll-containing, membrane-integral antenna in a cyanobacterial photosystem.     

Silica nanospheres formation induced by peroxidase-catalyzed phenol polymerization

To examine whether lignin-like compound is correlated with silica precipitation in grass, a series of simulated chemical experiments were carried out at ambient temperature and pressure, close to cell wall pH, with phenol polymerization catalyzed by peroxidase in silicon solution. The experiments showed that phenol polymer (a kind of lignin-like substance) caused silica nanosphere precipitation similar to those caused by protein in diatom cell wall previously reported by other authors. The sphere diameter varied with different kinds of phenol and the concentrations of phenol and silicon. Silicon precipitation had phenol and silicon saturation effect, meaning that when the concentration ratio of soluble silicon to phenol exceeded a certain value, the amount of silicon precipitation would decrease.     

A new mechanism for induced vitamin D deficiency in calcium deprivation

Synthesis of vitamin D in the skin in response to ultraviolet light is the main determinant of vitamin D status in man and it is therefore surprising that rickets and osteomalacia, clinical signs of vitamin D deficiency, remain common in tropical and subtropical countries. Skin pigmentation can reduce vitamin D formation but this is a negligible limitation in people exposed to abundant ultraviolet light. Earlier studies in animals and man suggested that another environmental factor, the low calcium/high cereal diet typical of susceptible populations, might affect the efficiency of vitamin D utilization. We show here in rats that the rate of inactivation of vitamin D in the liver is increased by calcium deprivation. The effect is mediated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, produced in response to secondary hyperparathyroidism, which promotes hepatic conversion of vitamin D to polar inactivation products that are excreted in bile. This finding has widespread implications both for understanding the pathogenesis of endemic rickets and in that it provides a unifying mechanism for the development of vitamin D deficiency in many clinical disorders.     

重组葡萄糖脱氢酶的表达及辅酶再生应用研究

为解决异源表达酮还原酶域EryKR1的重组大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(pET28a-eryKR1)催化环己酮还原时消耗的氢供体NADPH再生的问题,构建了克隆枯草芽孢杆菌葡萄糖脱氢酶基因gdh的重组菌E.coli BL21(pET28a-gdh),其中的gdh基因经Nucleotide BLAST功能分析显示与枯草芽孢杆菌9902的gdh基因序列(登录号为EF626962.1)的一致性达到100%。SDS-PAGE检测显示该重组菌经IPTG诱导后可以高效表达出葡萄糖脱氢酶(GDH),其表达量占全菌可溶性蛋白质的64%。GDH粗酶液的比酶活为137.90U/mg。通过气相色谱检测添加了E.coli BL21(pET28a-gdh)的E.coli BL21(pET28a-eryKR1)环己酮还原反应体系中的环己醇含量,结果显示加入重组GDH的双重组菌耦合反应体系中环己醇的产率为82.21%,是未添加GDH的反应体系对应值的3.23倍,表明重组GDH可以为EryKR1还原环己酮系统解决辅酶再生问题。     

乙烯利诱导玉米根皮层通气组织的形成与程序化细胞死亡的关系

乙烯利可诱导玉米根皮层细胞发生死亡解体而形成通气组织，随着乙烯利浓度的升高，根皮层细胞的死亡数目升高，利用TUNEL（末端标记法）实验显示，根皮层细胞核DNA发生了断裂现象，出现了暴露的3′－OH末端，这为乙烯利诱导的通气组织形成中有程序化细胞死亡（PCO）的发生首次提供了直接证据；同时在外源乙烯利处理的玉米根部发现SOD和CAT活性显著下降，继而造成活性氧的积累，由于活性氧是诱导PCD的重要原因，因此，外源乙烯利诱发的PCD的发生极有可能是通过活性氧介导的。