Right prefrontal laterality of Chinese boys during a Chinese high conflict Stroop task measured by multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy imaging

Some studies have shown that native Chinese speakers have different laterality in matched Stroop tasks from native English speakers.Recently,many imaging data,which show left laterality of English-matched Stroop interference,have been reported.And a few functional imaging studies have been conducted to investigate the phenomenon of the Chinese version of Stroop task.In this study,functional activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex of a group of normal Chinese boys with functional near-infrared imaging during a Stroop color-word task was measured to show different Stroop interferences in the prefrontal cortex.The results show obvious fluctuation of the cerebral blood volume in the right prefrontal cortex in all boys,which agrees with the finding of previous studies,that is,Chinese native boys have right laterality in their brain when the Chinese version of Stroop color-word task is applied.     

Localization of a human system for sustained attention by positron emission tomography

Positron emission tomographic (PET) studies of human attention have begun to dissect isolable components of this complex higher brain function, including a midline attentional system in a region of the anterior cingulate cortex. The right hemisphere may play a special part in human attention; neglect, an important phenomenon associated with damage to attentional systems, is more severe, extensive and long-lasting after lesions to the right hemisphere. Here we use PET measurements of brain blood flow in healthy subjects to identify changes in regional brain activity during simple visual and somatosensory tasks of sustained attention or vigilance. We find localized increases in blood flow in the prefrontal and superior parietal cortex primarily in the right hemisphere, regardless of the modality or laterality of sensory input. The anterior cingulate was not activated during either task. These data localize the vigilance aspects of normal human attention to sensory stimuli, thereby clarifying the biology underlying asymmetries of attention to such stimuli that have been reported in clinical lesions.     

Functional brain laterality for sequential movements： Impact of transient practice

The impact of learning on brain functional laterality has not been systematically investigated. We employed an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging combined with a delayed sequential movement task to investigate brain activation pattern and laterality during a transient practice in 12 subjects. Both hemispheres, involving motor areas and posterior parietal cortex, were engaged during motor preparation and execution, with larger activation volume in the left hemisphere than in the right. Activation volume in these regions significantly decreased after a transient practice, with more reduction in the right hemisphere resulting increase in left lateralization. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the physiological significance of brain functional laterality.     

中美澳大学生英语抱怨言语行为对比研究

恰当、有效地使用英语抱怨语是体现英语学习者是否具备良好的外语交际能力的一个重要方面。通过语篇补全式问卷调查法对20位就读于云南师范大学外语学院的中国英语学习者和15位母语为英语的美国和澳大利亚大学生的抱怨语进行了语料收集和对比、分析。发现两个受试群体的英语抱怨语有一定的共性,但也存在较大的差异。因此,针对中国英语学习者在实施抱怨中出现的语用方面的失误,提出了加强对中国英语学习者语用能力培养的一些建议。     

试论英汉翻译中的词类转换

以汉语为本族语的人和以英语为本族语的人有着不同的思维方式和表达习惯，因此英汉互泽时往往需要采用变通译法。本文以句子的组成单位——词为着眼点，通过分析英汉两种语言表达中各自用词的特点，归纳出英语译成汉语时几种最主要的词类转换方式。     

从英汉思维模式差异谈英语作文的宏观结构

中国人与英美人思维模式的差异,致使中国的英语学习者在用英语写作时往往按汉语文章的结构组织英语语篇,写出“英语的肉、汉语的骨”的文章。英语文章的宏观结构表现为：含有篇题句的开头段;按篇题句展开并突出主题句的若干主体段;总结主体段要点或重申、回应篇题句的结尾段。     

从前置语列策略论汉日的请求语言行为

以问卷调查得到的数据为资料,探讨汉日母语者在进行请求行为时的异同点,得出以下结论:在请求行为的方式上,与汉语母语者相比,日语母语者较多使用间接请求或含蓄请求。而当与对方的社会关系属于明显的上下级时,汉语母语者和日语母语者都避免直接请求,显示出类似的使用倾向。在请求行为中所使用的前置语列方面,日语母语者较多使用"道歉型"前置语列,而汉语母语者则较多使用"顾及周围型"前置语列,并根据与对方的社会关系使用不同的前置语列。     

中国英语学习者交际动词的语料库应用研究

采用基于语料库数据的中介语对比分析方法,分析了中国英语学习者交际动词使用的分布情况。所使用的学习者语料库为CLEC语料库,参照语料库是英国本族语者语料库FLOB。该项研究结果表明：整体上,学习者与本族语使用者在交际动词使用频率方面差别不大;但与本族语使用者相比,中国学习者在交际动词使用方面存在过多或过少使用的问题。     

A general mechanism for perceptual decision-making in the human brain

Findings from single-cell recording studies suggest that a comparison of the outputs of different pools of selectively tuned lower-level sensory neurons may be a general mechanism by which higher-level brain regions compute perceptual decisions. For example, when monkeys must decide whether a noisy field of dots is moving upward or downward, a decision can be formed by computing the difference in responses between lower-level neurons sensitive to upward motion and those sensitive to downward motion. Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging and a categorization task in which subjects decide whether an image presented is a face or a house to test whether a similar mechanism is also at work for more complex decisions in the human brain and, if so, where in the brain this computation might be performed. Activity within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is greater during easy decisions than during difficult decisions, covaries with the difference signal between face- and house-selective regions in the ventral temporal cortex, and predicts behavioural performance in the categorization task. These findings show that even for complex object categories, the comparison of the outputs of different pools of selectively tuned neurons could be a general mechanism by which the human brain computes perceptual decisions.     

自闭症患者的光学脑成像研究

阐述了新近发展起来的无损光学脑功能成像技术. 通过比较几种常用的脑成像技术, 论述了光学脑成像研究自闭儿童皮层活动的可行性和便利性. 总结了国内外迄今为止利用光学脑成像研究自闭症的初步进展. 最新实验研究表明具有较高自闭特质的儿童，在共同注意任务中其前额叶的血液动力学响应与正常儿童不同. 进一步利用光学脑成像研究脑皮层活动规律及其固有的特征，有望为儿童自闭症的早期诊断提供可靠的客观依据.     

Temporal dissociation of parallel processing in the human subcortical outputs.

Many tasks require rapid and fine-tuned adjustment of motor performance based on incoming sensory information. This process of sensorimotor adaptation engages two parallel subcorticocortical neural circuits, involving the cerebellum and basal ganglia, respectively. How these distributed circuits are functionally coordinated has not been shown in humans. The cerebellum and basal ganglia show very similar convergence of input-output organization, which presents an ideal neuroimaging model for the study of parallel processing at a systems level. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure the temporal coherence of brain activity during a tactile discrimination task. We found that, whereas the prefrontal cortex maintained a high level of activation, output activities in the cerebellum and basal ganglia showed different phasic patterns. Moreover, cerebellar activity significantly correlated with the activity of the supplementary motor area but not with that of the primary motor cortex; in contrast, basal ganglia activity was more strongly associated with the activity of the primary motor cortex than with that of the supplementary motor area. These results demonstrate temporally partitioned activity in the cerebellum and basal ganglia, implicating functional independence in the parallel subcortical outputs. This further supports the idea of task-related dynamic reconfiguration of large-scale neural networks.     

心理时间之旅——情景记忆的独特性

情景记忆是由自我、自我觉知和主观时间组成的惟一指向过去的认知神经系统,它使心理时间旅行成为可能。与其他记忆系统相比,情景记忆的独特性不仅表现在提取信息时伴随着自我觉知,指向过去,而且情景记忆还有其独特的脑定位,许多研究支持情景记忆的编码主要与大脑的左半球有关,提取主要与右半球有关。由于情景记忆与自我、意识有密切的关系,情景记忆的研究必将极大地推动记忆与意识的研究。     

A potential ethnic difference in the association between 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms and the brain default mode network

The serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region （5-HTTLPR） is associated with mood disorders. This association is thought to be due to amygdala hyper- responsiveness to negative emotional stimuli as a result of reduced frontal cortical control. In Caucasians, the short form is associated with this effect, but in Han Chinese we recently found that the long form is involved. Serotonin receptors have rich expression in default mode network （DMN） regions and the recent studies have found an association between the short form of the 5-HTTLPR and DMN functional connectivity （FC） in Caucasians. The present study has investigated whether there may also be an ethnic difference in this influence of 5-HTTLPR on the DMN. We recruited 233 young Han Chinese subjects and calculated the resting-state default-network FC. Our study found that the L carriers had decreased FC in the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex, right parahippocampal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, and increased FC in left precuneus （Pcu） compared to SS. The PCC-Pcu FC in L carriers was significantly negatively correlated with the depression scores. Our findings, therefore, suggest that there is also a difference between Caucasian and Han Chinese subjects in the association between the different forms of the 5-HTTLPR and DMN functional connectivity.     

国内英语专业研究生话语标记语习得实证研究——以Well,So,Like,You Know为例

通过建立平行语料库进行定量分析,并结合问卷调查,探讨国内英语专业研究生对话语标记语well,so,like,you know的习得情况.研究结果表明,与英语本族语者相比,国内英语专业研究生对话语标记语well,so,like和youknow的使用频率偏少且对语用功能不够熟练,有过于依赖so的倾向.并指出这种现象与国内使用的英语教材及英语课堂教学内容相关,最后对英语教材及教学改革提出了建议.     

工作记忆编码腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层局部场电位信号的相位同步分析

研究比较大鼠在静息状态下和工作记忆编码阶段腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层局部场电位相位同步的变化,分析相位在工作记忆任务相关信息处理中的作用机制。研究数据为6只SD大鼠静息状态和执行Y迷宫空间工作记忆任务时采集的腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层的局部场电位信号,计算两个脑区局部场电位信号之间的加权相位滞后指数值。研究结果表明,与静息状态相比,在工作记忆编码阶段,腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层之间的相位同步性在theta频段选择性地显著增加。腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层theta频段的相位同步是工作记忆编码阶段任务信息处理的一个作用机制。     

New advances in the neural correlates of insight: A decade in review of the insightful brain

The first neuroimaging study of real-time brain activity during insight problem solving was conducted almost ten years ago. Many subsequent studies have used high-resolution event-related potentials (ERPs) and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the temporal dynamics and neural correlates of insight. Recent results on the neural underpinnings of insight have led researchers to propose a neural framework referred to as the "insightful brain". This putative framework represents the neural basis of the cognitive and affective processes that are involved in insight. The insightful brain may involve numerous brain regions, including the lateral prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, hippocampus, superior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, precuneus, cuneus, insula and cerebellum. Functional studies have demonstrated that the lateral prefrontal cortex is responsible for mental set shifting and breaking during insight problem solving. The cingulate cortex is involved in the cognitive conflict between new and old ideas and progress monitoring. The hippocampus, superior temporal gyrus and fusiform gyrus form an integrated functional network that specializes in the formation of novel and effective associations. The effective transformation of problem representations depends on a non-verbal visuospatial information-processing network that comprises the precuneus and cuneus. The insula reflects cognitive flexibility and the emotional experience that is associated with insight. The cortical control of finger movements relies on the cerebellum.     

Body image as a visuomotor transformation device revealed in adaptation to reversed vision

People adapt with remarkable flexibility to reversal of the visual field caused by prism spectacles. With sufficient time, this adaptation restores visually guided behaviour and perceptual harmony between the visible and tactile worlds. Although it has been suggested that seeing one's own body is crucial for adaptation, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we show that a new representation of visuomotor mapping with respect to the hands emerges in a month during adaptation to reversed vision. The subjects become bi-perceptual, or able to use both new and old representations. In a visual task designed to assess the new hand representation, subjects identified visually presented hands as left or right by matching the picture to the representation of their own hands. Functional magnetic resonance imaging showed brain activity in the left posterior frontal cortex (Broca's area) that was unique to the new hand representations of both hands, together with activation in the intraparietal sulcus and prefrontal cortex. The emergence of the new hand representation coincided with the adaptation of perceived location of visible objects in space. These results suggest that the hand representation operates as a visuomotor transformation device that provides an arm-centred frame of reference for space perception.     

Relation of neurons in the nonprimary motor cortex to bilateral hand movement

In the primate cerebral cortex there are at least two somatotopically organized, nonprimary motor fields rostral to the primary motor area. To understand the functions of these multiple motor representations we have compared the neuronal activity in each of these fields while monkeys performed a trained motor task, using right, left or both hands. In the nonprimary motor cortex, activity in a number of neurons was related to the movement the animal chose and performed, whereas in the primary motor cortex, changes in the firing of most neurons were simply related to activity in the contralateral muscles. This result indicates that the nonprimary motor cortex is involved in higher-order coding of the laterality of the motor response, implying that it exerts its motor control function at a higher hierarchical level than its counterpart in the primary motor cortex.     

英语专业学生话语标记语使用情况之实证研究

通过语料库文本分析的方式,把中国英语学习者（英语专业学生）话语标记语的使用情况和英语本族语者话语标记语的使用情况进行对比。结果显示,中国英语学习者（英语专业学生）在使用频率和使用类型上都有明显差距。教师在教学中应有意识地引导学生注意话语标记语的使用,从而使学生的表达更加流利。     

口头和手动Stroop冲突性质区别的新证据

使用斯特鲁普任务变式,利用汉字音、形、义三维度来研究口头和手动斯特鲁普任务加工机制的差异.研究发现:口头斯特鲁普任务的干扰效应主要来自反应输出阶段的反应冲突,而手动斯特鲁普任务的干扰效应既来自语义编码阶段的语义冲突,又来自反应输出阶段的反应冲突,但以语义冲突为主.因此,口头和手动斯特鲁普任务的加工机制的差异是由于干扰效应产生于不同的编码阶段以及不同的冲突类型引起的.