垂直管流中食品颗粒速度分布的实验研究

用数码录像方法对颗粒的轴向速度和径向位置进行了测量，获得了单个颗粒在垂直管流中的速度分布。考虑到非球形颗粒和数甲基纤维素(CMC)溶液的非牛顿性，对有关文献中颗粒阻力系数计算的关系式做了修正。理论计算结果与实验滑移速度比较表明，在靠近管道轴线的径向位置模型的计算与实验结果很接近。同时，讨论了颗粒尺寸和流体流量对颗粒速度分布的影响。     

甲型H1N1流感超敏感诊断方法的建立及优化

利用几种助沉剂和核酸纯化方法富集病毒RNA,建立甲型H1N1流感超敏感诊断方法。收集31份甲型H1N1流感确诊病人提取的病毒RNA,稀释至1000分之一倍后分别应用酵母tRNA、糖原、AcrylCarrier助沉剂和磁珠、硅胶颗粒和离心柱的9种组合进行病毒RNA的富集,富集后分别进行RealtimePCR检测。并对检测结果进行统计学分析。利用几种助沉剂和核酸纯化方法的组合时,发现磁珠+AcrylCarrier助沉剂方法是最佳的核酸富集方法,能够大大提高病毒核酸的检出效率。建立了甲型H1N1流感超敏感诊断方法,该方法能够大大提高甲型H1N1流感的检出率。     

湿化学法制备ZnO纳米流体

采用湿化学法成功制备了氧化锌（ZnO）纳米流体。用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）对ZnO纳米颗粒的成分、分散性、形貌和粒径进行了分析表征;研究了醇水比（丙二醇（PG）／水）、乙酸锌浓度、反应时间、分散剂等因素对纳米流体分散稳定性和ZnO粒径的影响。结果表明,以乙酸锌（（CH3COO）2Zn·2H2O）为锌源,以氢氧化钠（NaOH）为碱源,V（丙二醇）：V（水）=3：2,乙酸锌浓度为0．1mol·L^-1,反应时间0．5h,聚乙二醇2000（PEG2000）加入1％（m（PEG2000）／m（乙酸锌）=1％）时为最佳工艺条件,产物氧化锌颗粒大小在20～30nm,分散性好,解决了团聚问题,可以稳定较长时间。     

超微粒La2O3的制备与形态研究

采用均匀沉淀法,用尿素为水解剂,60～90℃,0.005mol·L~(-1)≤C(La~(3+))≤0.025mol·L~(-1),0.27mol·L~(-1)≤C(urca)≤0.81mol·L~(-1),用La(NO_3)_3溶液备了La(Ⅲ)的超微粒化合物,所得沉淀为LaOHCO_3,具有与CaCO_3超微粒相似的结晶形态,粒径≤0.02μm.将此超微粒前驱体置于高温沪中,1200℃烧1h后,得到La_2O_3超微粒,粒径≤0.04μm.     

Innate immunity induced by composition-dependent RIG-I recognition of hepatitis C virus RNA

Innate immune defences are essential for the control of virus infection and are triggered through host recognition of viral macromolecular motifs known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an RNA virus that replicates in the liver, and infects 200 million people worldwide. Infection is regulated by hepatic immune defences triggered by the cellular RIG-I helicase. RIG-I binds PAMP RNA and signals interferon regulatory factor 3 activation to induce the expression of interferon-alpha/beta and antiviral/interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that limit infection. Here we identify the polyuridine motif of the HCV genome 3' non-translated region and its replication intermediate as the PAMP substrate of RIG-I, and show that this and similar homopolyuridine or homopolyriboadenine motifs present in the genomes of RNA viruses are the chief feature of RIG-I recognition and immune triggering in human and murine cells. 5' terminal triphosphate on the PAMP RNA was necessary but not sufficient for RIG-I binding, which was primarily dependent on homopolymeric ribonucleotide composition, linear structure and length. The HCV PAMP RNA stimulated RIG-I-dependent signalling to induce a hepatic innate immune response in vivo, and triggered interferon and ISG expression to suppress HCV infection in vitro. These results provide a conceptual advance by defining specific homopolymeric RNA motifs within the genome of HCV and other RNA viruses as the PAMP substrate of RIG-I, and demonstrate immunogenic features of the PAMP-RIG-I interaction that could be used as an immune adjuvant for vaccine and immunotherapy approaches.     

Virus-specific effects of interferon in embryonal carcinoma cells

Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are susceptible to infection by a variety of viruses, but do not become resistant to infection by Semliki Forest virus or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) on treatment with interferon. These observations have led to the conclusion that interferon does not induce an antiviral state in EC cells. We report here, however, that EC cells treated with interferon become resistant to infection by two picornaviruses and two ts mutants of VSV, whereas they remain sensitive to wild-type VSV, Sindbis and influenza virus infectin. These results suggest that a partial antiviral state is induced in EC cells by interferon and that the induced antiviral protein(s) interferes with the replication of specific viruses. A significant common feature of these viruses is their replication through structures containing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).     

2'5' oligo(A) polymerase activity in serum of mice infected with EMC virus or treated with interferon

Interferon-treated cells show an increase in two double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent enzymatic activities involving an oligoadenylate polymerase and a protein kinase (ref. 1 and refs therein). The polymerase converts ATP into a series of oligonucleotides characterized by 2'5'-phosphodiester bonds, designated 2'5'-oligo(A) or 2-5A (ref. 1). These oligonucleotides activate an endoribonuclease that degrades RNA in extracts of control and interferon-treated cells. These observations have been made in tissue culture cells and no informatin is yet available on these enzymatic activities in animals with elevated interferon levels. We report here on 2-5A synthesis in tissue homogenates and serum of mice infected with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV); this virus induces interferon synthesis when injected intraperitoneally into mice. Significant synthesis of 2-5A was detected in extracts of spleen and lungs, but also, surprisingly, in the serum of these mice. Subsequent experiments showed synthesis of 2-5A in serum of mice treated with the interferon inducer poly(I) x poly(C) (ref. 3) or with mouse fibroblast interferon.     

二元赤铁矿粉粒度级配技术研究

以颗粒级配和紧密堆积理论为基础,优选不同粒度的赤铁矿粉为加重材料,按照不同比例二元复配加入到山东G级高抗硫油井水泥中,通过对水泥浆流变和强度性能的测定,研究了颗粒级配与高密度水泥浆性能的关系。研究结果表明,流变和强度性能好的配方,其级配曲线表现出两种形式,一种是颗粒较细,粒径全部在10um以下;另一种是在10um附近（5um~30um）出现明显的断层区,即该粒径范围的颗粒较缺失,而该粒径范围恰是水泥颗粒的主要分布区,与水泥颗粒形成连续级配,对强度和流变性更有利;流变性能较差的配方,超过70％颗粒的粒径大于10um,尤其是3um-10um的颗粒最为缺失。此结论可作为多元铁矿粉复配的参考。     

Genetic recombination between RNA components of a multipartite plant virus

Genetic recombination of DNA is one of the fundamental mechanisms underlying the evolution of DNA-based organisms and results in their diversity and adaptability. The importance of the role of recombination is far less evident for the RNA-based genomes that occur in most plant viruses and in many animal viruses. RNA recombination has been shown to promote the evolutionary variation of picornaviruses, it is involved in the creation of defective interfering (DI) RNAs of positive- and negative-strand viruses and is implicated in the synthesis of the messenger RNAs of influenza virus and coronavirus. However, RNA recombination has not been found to date in viruses that infect plants. In fact, the lack of DI RNAs and the inability to demonstrate recombination in mixedly infected plants has been regarded as evidence that plants do not support recombination of viral RNAs. Here we provide the first molecular evidence for recombination of plant viral RNA. For brome mosaic virus (BMV), a plus-stranded, tripartite-genome virus of monocots, we show that a deletion in the 3' end region of a single BMV RNA genomic component can be repaired during the development of infection by recombination with the homologous region of either of the two remaining wild-type BMV RNA components. This result clearly shows that plant viruses have available powerful recombinatory mechanisms that previously were thought to exist only in animal hosts, thus they are able to adapt and diversify in a manner comparable to animal viruses. Moreover, our observation suggests an increased versatility of viruses for use as vectors in introducing new genes into plants.     

Drosophila small cytoplasmic 19S ribonucleoprotein is homologous to the rat multicatalytic proteinase

All eukaryotic cells so far analysed contain 19S particles which share a cylinder-like shape and are composed of a set of proteins of relative molecular mass ranging typically from 19,000 to 36,000 (refs 1-10). Proposed functions have included synthetase activity, transfer RNA processing or messenger RNA repression, but their biological importance remains obscure. A multicatalytic proteinase (MCP) of similar size and shape has been isolated from mammalian tissues. The apparent similarities of these high molecular weight complexes suggest a biochemical and functional homology between the small cytoplasmic 19S particle from Drosophila melanogaster (19S-scRNP) (ref. 7) and rat MCP (ref. 14). By means of electron microscopy, immunological techniques, RNA identification and proteinase activity assays, we were able to show that the two structurally similar complexes are immunologically related ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) with similar proteolytic activity.     

大气颗粒物PM2.5的消光特性研究

基于Mie散射理论,对大气颗粒物PM2.5的消光特性进行了研究,建立了混合颗粒系统消光系数的理论及等效计算方法.计算表明,不像大颗粒,PM2.5单颗粒的消光效率因子强烈地依赖于折射率和粒径;多颗粒的消光系数随粒度增加而增大,在强吸收时,也随分布宽度增加而增大;其随波长的变化与折射率、分布有关,往往是非单调的,而对混合的颗粒系统,还与混合比有关.分析表明,我们提出的消光系数的理论及等效计算方法也为实际大气颗粒物的光学特性研究提供了一个新的研究手段.     

P(BA-EHA)/PDCPA/PVC改性剂的合成与共混改性聚氯乙烯研究

采用传统的乳液聚合通过2步法合成了交联型核壳聚丙烯酸酯乳液,以其作为种子,进行氯乙烯乳液接枝聚合反应,得到了聚丙烯酸酯/聚氯乙烯复合粒子改性剂.通过粒径分析仪、透射电镜、扫描电镜等手段对复合粒子及其共混PVC材料进行了测试与表征.结果表明:复合粒子具有较清楚的核壳结构,粒径大小均匀;当复合粒子中共聚单体丙烯酸双环戊烯基酯(DCPA)用量为5 %、橡胶含量为3 %时,改性PVC材料缺口冲击强度达最大值,是纯PVC的2.7倍.维卡软化点温度也有所提高,材料显示出良好的韧性.     

Pol of gag-pol fusion protein required for encapsidation of viral RNA of yeast L-A virus.

Double-stranded RNA viruses have an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity associated with the viral particles which is indispensable for their replication cycle. Using the yeast L-A double-stranded RNA virus we have investigated the mechanism by which the virus encapsidates its genomic RNA and RNA polymerase. The L-A gag gene encodes the principal viral coat protein and the overlapping pol gene is expressed as a gag-pol fusion protein which is formed by a -1 ribosomal frameshift. Here we show that Gag alone is sufficient for virus particle formation, but that it fails to package the viral single-stranded RNA genome. Encapsidation of the viral RNA requires only a part of the Pol region (the N-terminal quarter), which is presumably distinct from the RNA polymerase domain. Given that the Pol region has single-stranded RNA-binding activity, these results are consistent with our L-A virus encapsidation model: the Pol region of the fusion protein binds specifically to the viral genome (+) strand, and the N-terminal gag-encoded region primes polymerization of Gag to form the capsid, thus ensuring the packaging of both the viral genome and the RNA polymerase.     

土壤条件对PAHs紫外光降解影响及动力学研究

研究紫外照射条件下,土壤厚度对多环芳烃苯并[a]芘、芘光降解的影响及其动力学变化,以及土壤粒径对多环芳烃苯并[a]芘、芘和菲的光解的影响。结果表明,苯并[a]芘和芘的光降解速率与土壤厚度呈负相关,光解速率的顺序为1．0mm〉1．6mm〉2．0mm〉2．4mm〉4．0mm,通过对实验数据的模拟土壤中苯并[a]芘和芘的光降解符合准一级动力模型;三种不同土壤粒径（分别小于1mm、0．45mm、0．25mm）对多环芳烃苯并[a]芘、芘和菲的光降解有明显影响,在三种粒径范围内,PAHs的降解在小于1mm土壤中最快,同一粒径中多环芳烃的降解速率：苯并[a]芘〉芘〉菲。     

基于DEM-CFD耦合方法的水合物与砂颗粒运动分析

采用离散元素法(discrete element method,DEM)和计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的耦合方法,对海底水合物中砂颗粒和水合物颗粒运动进行了研究。利用球形颗粒沉降模拟实验验证了耦合方法的可行性,分别分析了单个砂颗粒和单个水合物颗粒运动过程中颗粒位置、速度、受力及角速度的变化规律。结果表明:砂颗粒向容器底部沉降,在到达底部时发生碰撞,同时颗粒发生旋转;水合物颗粒向上运动,颗粒没有发生旋转。最后对颗粒群进行了模拟仿真,结果表明,DEM-CFD耦合法能够模拟大量颗粒运动的复杂流动,并且能从微观尺度分析颗粒受力和运动情况,对水合物颗粒和砂颗粒运动的研究提供了一种可靠有效的方法。     

基于粒子群优化算法的模式分类规则获取

提出了基于粒子群优化的规则提取算法．该算法将规则编码为粒子,通过粒子群优化算法的速度-位移搜索模型以及粒子保存的记忆信息指导生成模式分类规则集．算法用于Iris数据集模式分类规则的提取．与其他规则提取方法比较,该算法在提高分类规则正确率的同时减少了计算费用．     

基于电动旋转介电泳的生物粒子介电常数测试技术

建立了基于机器视觉系统测量生物粒子介电常数的测量平台,并对建立测试平台所涉及的测量介电常数的理论模型、电极设计及仿真、粒子角速度检测等关键技术进行了研究.研究结果表明:在电极腔中心区域的半径为电极腔中心到电极顶尖距离的1/2圆形区域为最佳区域,在这个区域中转矩的变化基本在5%以内,介电泳力很小,基本解决了测试过程中影响粒子测量精度的迁移运动问题,降低了粒子迁移造成的误差.另一方面,融合机器视觉技术和概率统计的算法,实现了对单个和多个粒子进行测量,且对粒子的形状没有特殊要求.测试平台具有较高的准确性和运行效率,同时具有良好的普遍适用性和鲁棒性.