A study of control strategies for a clarifier at an industry wastewater treatment plant

Control of clarifier in the activated sludge process is critical for ensuring effective wastewater treatment. This paper is to study appropriate control strategies for a clarifier in an industrial wastewater treatment plant. Five control strategies are proposed, implemented and evaluated in a simulation software （West ＋＋）. The sludge blanket height and the effluent suspended solids concentration were proposed as the measured variable. The manipulated variable was the quantity of polymer added to the system. The strategies were evaluated in terms of their ability to maintain the sludge blanket height below 1.5m, their polymer requirements, their sensitivity to poor tuning and the required control action.     

Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal in Anaerobic/Aerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor Supplied with Glucose as Carbon Source

Phosphorus removal performance in an aerobic/aerobic sequencing batch reactor （SBR） supplied with glucose as carbon source was investigated. It was found that there was no phosphate release concomitant with the storing of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate （PHA） during the anaerobic phase. Whereas, glycogen was soon built up followed by rapid consumption, at the same time, glucose was depleted rapidly. Based on the analysis of different fractions of phosphorus in activated sludge, the relative ratio of organically bound phosphorus in sludge changed at the end of anaerobic and aerobic phases. The ratios were 45.3% and 51.8% respectively. This showed that the polyphosphate broke down during the anaerobic phase to supply part of energy for PHA synthesis. The reason why there was no phosphate release might be the biosorption effect of extracellular exopolymers （EPS）. It was also proved by the analysis of EPS with scanning electron microscopy （SEM） combined with energy dispersive spectrometry （EDS）. The phosphorus weight percentage of EPS at the end of anaerobic phase was 9.22%.     

Promoting sludge granulation by putting xonotlite into the UASB reactors during starting-up stage

Four reactors of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) were concurrently operated to examine the effects of the xonotlite secondary particles on promoting the sludge granulation during the starting-up stage at room temperature. The results show that the putting of the xonotlite secondary particles into the UASB reactors can increase the basicity of the reacting liquid significantly. The particles can act as the media for biomass accumulation. Thus, the granulation process of the sludge within the reactor can be largely promoted by the special performances of the particles both in physical and chemical aspects.     

Effects of various pretreatments on biohydrogen production from sewage sludge

The sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plant is a kind of biomass which contains many organics, mainly carbohydrates and proteins. Four pretreatments, acid pretreatment, alkaline pretreatment, thermal pretreatment and ultrasonic pretreatment, were used to enhance biohydrogen production from sewage sludge. The experimental results showed that the four pretreatments could all increase the soluble chemical oxygen demand （SCOD） of sludge and decrease the dry solid （DS） and volatile solid （VS） because the pretreatments could disrupt the floc structure and even the microbial cells of sludge. The results of batch anaerobic fermentation experiments demonstrated that all of the four pretreat- ments could select hydrogen-producing microorganisms from the microflora of sludge and enhance the hydrogen production. The hydrogen yield of the alkaline pretreated sludge at initial pH of 11.5 was the maximal （11.68 mL H2/g VS） and that of the thermal pretreated sludge was the next （8.62 mL H2/g VS）. The result showed that the hydrogen yield of pretreated sludge was correlative with its SCOD. The hydrogen yields of acid pretreated sludge and alkaline pretreated sludge were also influenced by their initial pH. No methane could be detected in the anaerobic fermentation of alkaline pretreated sludge and thermal pretreated sludge, which suggested that these pretreatments could fully inhibit the activity of methanogens. The volatile fatty acids （VFA） production in anaerobic fermentation of alkaline pretreated sludge was the maximum and the next is that of thermal pretreated sludge.     

Biodegradation of the Oil Hydrocarbons in Wastewater with Immobilized Microbiological Activated Carbon

On the basis of laboratory-scale-tests, the method of using immobilized biological activated carbon (IBAC) was found to be an efficient method to treat oil wastewater. In this research, pilot-scale studies were conducted to investigate the optimal range of factors, such as oil concentration, and hydraulic retention time (HRT). 39 strains of bacteria were isolated from activated sludge of a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant. After being acclimated and identified, these bacteria were immobilized on granular activated carbon. The degradation of organic compounds was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectromtry(GC-MS). As the results show that when the oil concentration is lower than 50 mg/L and corresponding values of HRT are longer than 1.0 h, the removal rate of immobilized biological activated carbon column can stably reach at least 70%. In the field studies, electron microscope analyses show that the predominant bacteria have been changed from Pseudomonas and Bacillus at the beginning to Bacillus only after 60 days of continuous operation, which suggests that the method with immobilized biological activated carbon column is the one with higher efficiency than that of the secondary floatation tank traditionally used in oil wastewater treatment.     

Treatment of Slightly Polluted Wastewater in an Oil Refinery Using a Biological Aerated Filter Process

The slightly polluted wastewater from oil refinery contains some COD, oil pollutants and suspended solids （SS）. A small-scale fixed film biological aerated filter （BAF） process was used to treat the wastewater. The influences of hydraulic retention time （HRT）, air/water volume flow ratio and backwashing cycle on treatment efficiencies were investigated. The wastewater was treated by the BAF process under optimal conditions： the HRT of 1.0 h, the air/water volume flow ratio of about 5 ： 1 and the backwashing cycle of every 4-7 days. The results showed that the average removal efficiency of COD, oil pollutants and SS was 84.5%, 94.0% and 83.4%, respectively. And the average effluent concentration of COD, oil pollutants and SS was 12.5, 0.27, 14.5 mg·L^-1, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that the BAF process is a suitable and highly efficient method to treat the wastewater.     

Implementing Both Domestic Wastewater Reuse and Sludge Reduction by a Combination of Anaerobic Phase and Membrane bioreactor

The aim of the research was to obtain both an excellent effluent for reuse and a reduced sludge production simultaneously by a combination process of anaerobic phase and Membrane bioreactor （MBR） technology in treating domestic wastewater. During the experimental period of three months, excellent removals for COD, NH3-H, TN were obtained, and mean removals were 91.87%, 96.13%, and 69. 23%, respectively. Whereas, at first 20 days, the removal for TP was only about 15.87%. In the following days, about 30% of raw water was introduced into the anaerobic reactor to supply organics for denitrificatien and release of polyphosphate, then a significant improvement for TP removal was observed, and mean removal of TP increased to 76.35%. During the operational period, it was investigated that the permeate could meet the requirements of several water criteria for reuse except free chlorine, and a mean excess sludge yield coefficient of 0.137 g MLSS/g COD was obtained. Therefore, the predicted goals of permeate for reuse and excess sludge reduction could be both achieved after dosing a certain quantity of disinfectant into the permeate.     

Activated Sludge Ozonation to Reduce Sludge Production in MBR

The total experimental period was divided into two stages. At the first stage, a series of batch studies were carried out to get an understanding of the effect of ozouation on sludge properties. At the following stages, three MBRs with different amounts of activated sludge to be ozonated were run in parallel for a long period to evaluate the influence of sludge ozonation on sludge yield and permeate quality. Through batch study, it was found that ozone could disrupt the cell walls and caused the release of plasm from the cells, then the amounts of soluble organics in the solution increased with ozouation time. With the rise of soluble organics, the amount of soluble organics to be mineralized increased as well, which would reduce the soluble organics content. For the counteraction between these two aspects, a pseudo-balanee could be achieved, and soluble organics would vary in a limited range. Sludge ozonation also increased the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in the solution. In addition, ozouation was effective in improving sludge settling property. On the basis of batch study, a suitable ozone dosage of 0.16 kgO3/kgMLSS was determined. Three systems were run in parallel for a total period of 39 days, it was demonstrated that a part of activated sludge ozonation could reduce sludge production significantly, and biological perfonnanee of mineralization and nitrification would not be inhibited due to sludge ozouation. Experimental results proved that the combination of ozonation unit with MBR unit could achieve an excellent quality of permeate as well as a small quantity of sludge production, and economic analysis indicated that an additional ozonation operating cost for treatment of both wastewater and sludge was only 0.096Yuan （US$ 0.011,5 ）/m^3 wastewater.     

Mechanism of Kenaf Retting Using Aerobes

The experimental results showed that the duration of microbial retting processing of kenaf fibers by using aerobic microbe was four times shorter than that by using anaerobic microbe. The residual gum percentage, breaking strength, breaking elongation and linear density of aerobic retted kenaf bundle fibers did not show significantly difference with that of anaerobic retted kenaf bundle fibers by ANOVA-Tukey's studentized test at a = 5% except for the softness. The bioenergetic principle and the calculation of the amount of ATP produced during the decomposition processing of kenaf gums were used to explain why the retting duration in the case of using aerobic microbes was much shorter than that of using anaerobic microbes.     

The start-up of biohydrogen-producing process by bioaugmentation in the EGSB reactor

Expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor and bioaugmentation were employed to investigate biohydrogen production with molasses wastewater. The start-up experiments consisted of two stages. In the first stage (0～24d) seeded with activated sludge, the butyric acid type-fermentation formed when the initial expanding rate, organic loading rate (OLR), the initial redox potential (ORP) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were 10%, 10.0 kg COD/(m3·d), - 215 mV and 6.7 h, respectively. At the beginning of the second stage on day 25, the novel hydrogen-producing fermentative bacterial strain B49 (AF481148 in EMBL) were inoculated into the reactor under the condition of OLR 16. 0 kg COD/(m3·d), ORP and HRT about - 139 mV and 6.7 h, respectively, and then the reaction system transformed to ethanol-type fermentation gradually with the increase in OLR. When OLR, ORP and HRT were about 94.3 kg COD/(m3·d), -250 mV and 1.7 h, respectively, the system achieved the maximum hydrogen-producing rate of 282.6 mL H2/L reactor· h and hydrogen percentage of 51%～53% in the biogas.     

应用于糖果生产废水处理的两段厌氧工艺研究

设计了两段厌氧处理系统来处理糖果废水,该系统由升流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）和降流式厌氧生物滤池（DFAF）组成. UASB和DFAF反应器分别在35℃和室温(22～25℃)下运行,系统水力停留时间是2.4d. 在有机负荷12.5kgCOD/m³·d时系统COD去除率为98％,并且在高有机负荷情况下UASB仍能获得较好的处理效果. 通过回流可以调节UASB反应器进水COD质量浓度保持在30g/L以下. 系统DFAF反应器出水COD质量浓度维持在400mg/L以下,并能有效缓冲UASB反应器出水的波动.     

制药废水厌氧处理的试验研究

本文介绍了在35℃条件下厌氧处理COD>100000mg/l成份复杂的制药废水的研究情况,容积为4升的UASB反应器试验表明,当HRT为4天时,COD去除率为77％,BOD去除率为86％,挥发酸去除率为91％。     

两相厌氧生物技术处理环氧树脂生产废水

研究采用两相厌氧生物技术处理环氧树脂生产废水。试验结果表明:经过AMBR和EGSB反应器处理后,COD去除率达到91%,SS去除率达到67%;进水在产酸器AMBR反应后,pH值由6.8降至5.86,VFA由1265 mg/L升至3862 mg/L,酸化效果较好;经产甲烷器EGSB反应后,pH值和VFA分别为7.61和206 mg/L,产甲烷效果良好;经过后续工艺SBR处理后,出水符合国家污水综合排放标准。     

微生物及胞外多聚物在颗粒污泥形成中的作用

集中论述了升流式厌氧污泥床反应器中的微生物学特性，胞外多聚物的组成以及它们在生物膜和颗粒污泥形成中的作用。ＥＣＰ对颗粒的结构和稳定起重要作用，其含量占颗粒中悬浮性固体含量的０．６％－２０％〈主要成分为蛋白质和多糖。甲烷毛状菌属和甲烷八叠球菌属是最初颗粒化和颗粒污泥形成的重要分解乙酸产甲烷的细菌。     

酒精废水厌氧生物处理工程

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器对糖蜜酒精废水进行厌氧生物处理。UASB反应器接种污泥采用厌氧污泥,反应器启动后,当污泥粒径增大成1mm的颗粒污泥后,能在较短的时间内快速提升负荷,缩短启动所需的时间。达到设计负荷后,UASB出水COD降低至8000mg/L,pH值在7.1左右,处理效率达82%。     

高速厌氧反应器处理城市污水的现状与发展

厌氧处理技术的发展 ,尤其是高速厌氧反应器的出现 ,使得城市污水的厌氧处理成为人们关注的热点。文章主要介绍了 UASB反应器在城市污水处理中的研究与应用状况 ,并对其它高速厌氧反应器 ,如折流式厌氧反应器、内循环厌氧反应器、颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器等在城市污水处理领域的应用与发展进行了探讨     

Performance of Submerged Membrane Bioreactor for Domestic Wastewater Treatment

IntroductionAlong with the progress of membranemanufacturing technology,the application ofmembrane filtration,especially in conjunction withbiological systems has been widely investigated inwastewater treatment and reuse[1,2 ] . In thecombined process,the membrane is used as analternative to the sedimentation tank. The efficientseparation capability of a membrane enables highlyconcentrated biosolids to be retained within thebioreactor,so thatthe system can be operated withhigh organic loading …     

曝气生物流化床处理炼油厂含硫和高氨氮污水的研究

炼油厂含硫污水因含高浓度的油、COD、硫化物及挥发酚而难于生化降解，催化剂生产中排放的污水因含高浓度的氨氮、盐类、悬浮物质以及低浓度的有机物而成为水处理的难题．本文采用一种曝气生物流化床（ABFT）工艺，对含硫污水和催化剂高氨氮污水的混合污水进行了现场连续试验，结果表明：在混合污水COD为2090mg／L、氨氮为600mg／L、挥发酚为27mg／L和硫化物为154mg／L的情况下，ABFT系统出水COD为95mg／L、氨氮为4．0mg／L、挥发酚为0．30mg／L和硫化物为0．0067mg／L，出水达到了国家污水排放标准一级标准．在处理工艺中，动态氧化和混凝沉淀作为预处理，ABFT反应器采用了合成高分子载体固定化微生物技术，该载体具有大孔网状以及优良的机械强度和化学性能，高效微生物B350通过化学键固定在载体上．克氏定氮法表明，ABFT中生物负载量为32mg／L．试验结果显示：在处理高氨氮污水方面，ABFT工艺比SBR工艺具有更强的优势，同时，ABFT系统具有较高的处理效率和耐冲击负荷能力．     

细微泥沙在活性污泥系统中的迁移模型

在不同进水细微泥沙负荷条件下,以质量守恒为基础,建立了活性污泥系统中细微泥沙的迁移模型.研究表明,影响期混合液中细微泥沙浓度与进水细微泥沙浓度、细微泥沙可悬浮比例、污泥龄、水力停留时间及影响时间有关,恢复期混合液中细微泥沙浓度与恢复开始时混合液细微泥沙浓度、污泥龄、及恢复时间有关.通过模型计算影响期各系统中细微泥沙浓度平均相对误差为11.7%~24.6%,恢复期为29.1%~46.0%;污泥中挥发性悬浮固体含量平均相对误差为0.9%~7.3%;恢复期为2.3%~34.4%.混合液中细微泥沙最大浓度、细微泥沙淤积速率与进水细微泥沙负荷呈正比关系.     

工业化UASB反应器污泥无载体颗粒化特性研究

以阿维菌素废水为处理对象,在工业化中温上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器中研究了污泥无载体颗粒化过程中的污泥特性。研究表明,接种絮状污泥,经过189d运行成功实现污泥无载体颗粒化。在污泥颗粒化过程中污泥特性发生了显著变化：挥发性悬浮固体（VSS）与悬浮固体（SS）的质量比由接种时的0．45提高到0．8;最大比产甲烷速率由57．3提高到299mL／（gVSS·d）;胞外聚合物（ECP）与污泥质量比由31．4提高到58．3mg／g,同时发现ECP含量的增加对于促进污泥无载体颗粒化起到了关键作用。成熟颗粒污泥以灰黑色为主,粒径为1．0～2．0mm,密度为1．082g／cm^3,平均沉降速度为65．3m／h。颗粒污泥表面以丝状菌和杆菌为主,内部多为球菌和短杆菌。