蚯蚓蛋白质组学研究中3种总蛋白提取方法的比较

双向电泳(2-DE)技术在现阶段的蛋白质组学研究当中,由于其价格相对便宜,仪器设备相对简单而被广泛应用.合适的总蛋白质样品制备方法,可以提高双向电泳蛋白点的数目和分辨率以保证蛋白质组信息的完整性,是整个实验的关键.蚯蚓作为土壤污染和土壤生态毒理学研究的重要生物,其总蛋白质提取的方法学研究还不完善.通过对已发表的文献中的蛋白提取方法进行筛选和优化,利用SDS-PAGE电泳和双向电泳的结果,对三氯乙酸-丙酮沉淀法、裂解液法和酚抽提法对蚯蚓总蛋白提取结果进行了评价,建立了适合蚯蚓蛋白质组学研究的总蛋白样品制备方法.     

双向电泳检测技术综述

目前蛋白质组学（proteome）正在成为分析化学的研究热点，双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（2-DE）以其高通量和极高的分辨率成为蛋白质组学的核心技术，本文综述了不同类型的双向电泳检测技术的原理，比较分析了各种技术的优势和不足，并对双向电泳技术在蛋白质组学中今后的发展作了展望．     

适于双向电泳分析的银杏叶绿体蛋白质提取方法

【目的】获得银杏叶绿体蛋白质的提取方法,在蛋白质水平探讨银杏光合作用对环境的响应机制。【方法】建立一种适合银杏叶绿体蛋白双向电泳分离的实验体系,采用Tris-平衡酚抽提法对银杏叶绿体蛋白质进行提取,并与三氯乙酸(TCA)-丙酮沉降法进行对比分析。【结果】Percoll密度梯度离心法适用于银杏叶绿体的提取,提取的叶绿体平均完整率在85%左右。单向电泳结果显示,与TCA-丙酮沉降法相比,在用Tris-平衡酚抽提法分离的叶绿体蛋白质泳道中,低分子质量蛋白质条带更多、更清晰。进一步的双向电泳结果表明,用Tris-平衡酚抽提法对银杏叶绿体蛋白质进行提取,蛋白质产量更高,图谱清晰,所分离的蛋白点更多,形态更好,条纹影响相对较小。【结论】Tris-平衡酚抽提法可有效地提取高质量的叶绿体蛋白质并进行双向电泳,可用于银杏叶绿体的蛋白质组学分析。     

适合杨树叶片蛋白质组学样品制备方法的比较（英文）

【目的】为了提高植物叶片中低丰度蛋白质的检测效率,建立有效的杨树叶片蛋白质组学分析的蛋白质提取方法。【方法】利用三氯乙酸-丙酮结合PEG分级提取方法和SDS-酚结合PEG分级提取方法对杨树叶片蛋白质进行提取,并采用SDS-PAGE和双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)对提取结果进行评价。【结果】SDS-PAGE实验结果显示,三氯乙酸-丙酮结合PEG方法优于SDS-酚结合PEG分级方法。三氯乙酸-丙酮结合PEG分级和非结合PEG分级提取蛋白质的双向电泳结果表明,PEG分级能有效地去除高丰度蛋白质Rubisco,提高低丰度蛋白质的检测。三氯乙酸-丙酮结合PEG分级法检测的蛋白质比非结合PEG分级法多90个蛋白质点。【结论】以LTQ-Orbitrap XL分析三氯乙酸-丙酮结合PEG分级分离的一些蛋白质显示,三氯乙酸-丙酮结合PEG分级对于2-DE和MS鉴定低丰度蛋白质是一种有效的分离方法。     

适合杨树叶片蛋白质组学样品制备方法的比较

【目的】为了提高植物叶片中低丰度蛋白质的检测效率,建立有效的杨树叶片蛋白质组学分析的蛋白质提取方法。【方法】利用三氯乙酸-丙酮结合PEG分级提取方法和SDS-酚结合PEG分级提取方法对杨树叶片蛋白质进行提取,并采用SDS-PAGE和双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)对提取结果进行评价。【结果】SDS-PAGE实验结果显示,三氯乙酸-丙酮结合PEG方法优于SDS-酚结合PEG分级方法。三氯乙酸-丙酮结合PEG分级和非结合PEG分级提取蛋白质的双向电泳结果表明,PEG分级能有效地去除高丰度蛋白质Rubisco,提高低丰度蛋白质的检测。三氯乙酸-丙酮结合PEG分级法检测的蛋白质比非结合PEG分级法多90个蛋白质点。【结论】以LTQ-Orbitrap XL分析三氯乙酸-丙酮结合PEG分级分离的一些蛋白质显示,三氯乙酸-丙酮结合PEG分级对于2-DE和MS鉴定低丰度蛋白质是一种有效的分离方法。     

适用于小麦叶片总蛋白分析的双向电泳技术

双向电泳技术越来越成为植物蛋白质组研究中的关键技术,样品制备、固相预制胶条水化、等电聚焦及SDS—PAGE都是影响双向电泳结果的重要步骤,本研究以晋麦47号小麦叶片为研究材料,在样品除盐、预制胶条水化方式、第二向SDS—PAGE电压选择方面进行了探索与优化,通过比较双向电泳图谱,建立适用于小麦叶片总蛋白质分析的双向电泳技术体系．结果表明：样品经多步除盐并加长除盐时间后进行双向电泳,蛋白能较好地被分离,2-DE图谱蛋白点较多,分辨率较高;IPG胶条先后经被动水化与主动水化比仅主动水化的2-DE图谱蛋白点损失少;第二向SDS—PAGE中电压选择120V较200V的2．DE图谱蛋白点拖尾少,纹理现象少．     

橡胶草叶片蛋白质提取方法的选择及双向电泳体系的优化

目的为了建立起橡胶草叶片组织的蛋白双向电泳体系。方法采用5种不同方法提取橡胶草叶片蛋白,并通过蛋白提取率和单向SDS-PAGE电泳的比较,筛选出改良TCA-丙酮沉淀法、酚-乙酸铵沉淀法、Tris浸提法3种方法进行2-DE电泳。结果表明选择改良TCA-丙酮法为最合适的蛋白质提取方法。为进一步优化体系,比较了不同染色方法、上样量和固相p H梯度预制胶条(IPG)的p H范围对双向电泳结果的影响,电泳结果表明使用17 cm p H 3-10的IPG胶条、上样量为1200μg、考马斯亮蓝染色法能分离得到更多的蛋白点,是橡胶草叶片双向电泳体系的最优条件。结论本研究初步建立了橡胶草叶片蛋白质双向电泳体系,为深入研究橡胶草蛋白质组学提供依据。     

优化海兔肝蛋白质组提取与分离技术

为了提高海兔肝脏蛋白质组的提取及研究效率，本文描述和比较了3种提取海兔肝脏蛋白质组的方法：裂解液浸泡-超速离心，丙酮-TCA沉淀-裂解液浸泡，裂解液浸泡-丙酮-TCA-裂解液溶解．然后采用常规SDS-PAGE双向电泳对提取出的蛋白质进行检验，用Melanie 4 Trial软件分析电泳图谱，通过对蛋白质分辨率和斑点总数的比较，选出一种更适合海兔肝蛋白质的提取方法．结果表明采用丙酮-TCA沉淀-裂解液浸泡法提取海兔肝蛋白质所得的双向电泳图谱不论从蛋白质斑点分辨率还是总数上都优于其他两种方法，更适合提取分离海兔肝脏蛋白质．     

青藏高原有机牦牛肉背最长肌双向电泳体系的建立

为了建立青藏高原有机牦牛肉背最长肌双向电泳(2-DE)体系,本研究对肌肉样品的处理、蛋白质的提取以及等电聚焦方式等进行了研究。结果表明:(1)用超声波裂解肌肉蛋白质的检出率及蛋白分离效果明显优于用液氮研磨;(2)用直接裂解法(7M尿素,2M硫脲,4%CHAPS(w/v),0.5%两性电解质p H 3~10,100 mmol/L DTT(w/v),60 mmol/L Tris,20μL蛋白酶抑制剂)提取肌肉组织全蛋白获得的蛋白质量、凝胶图谱斑点数目、匹配率和图像分辨率最好,尤其适合提取小分子蛋白;(3)采用间隔式等电聚焦方式,蛋白质的分离效果明显优于普通升压方式,且横条纹较少,蛋白点数量增多。结论:本研究建立的2-DE体系,能提高有机牦牛背最长肌总蛋白双向电泳的分辨率和重复性,为后续进行有机牦牛肉品质评价的蛋白质组学研究,更好地解析青藏高原有机牦牛肉品质形成的遗传调控机制奠定了基础。     

小鼠肾脏组织的双向电泳

对小鼠肾组织双向电泳(2-DE)实验中的样品保存、裂解液、胶条泡胀和染色等步骤研究发现：在-73℃，以液态保存的样品仍需尽量以相同的保存时间用于对比，或使用新处理的样品使2-DE图谱反映样品原先的蛋白质组成；优化的裂解液组成是尿素9．8mol／L、Tris 40mmol／L、CHAPS 40g／L、DTT 23mmol／L、CA 5g／L、PMSF 1mmol／L和EDTA 1mmol／L；胶条泡胀采用主动方式有利于大分子量蛋白质的2-DE分离；银染色过程中采用充分的水洗步骤使之获得背景鲜明的2-D图谱。在优化条件下，高分子区及碱性区蛋白质均得到理想分离，获得蛋白质点数达1491个，明显优于已有文献方法。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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Brief Introduction to “Journal of Jilin University( Science Edition) ”

<正>"Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition)"is a comprehensive academic journal in the fields of science sponsored by Jilin University and administrated by the Ministry of Education of the Peoples Republic of China.The journal started publication in 1955.The original name at starting publication was"Journal of Natural Science of Northeast People University",which was changed into"Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Jilinensis"in 1958 owing to the name change of the university.The present journal name has