The Soret effect and isotopic fractionation in high-temperature silicate melts

Diffusion in condensed phases is a ubiquitous but poorly understood phenomenon. For example, chemical diffusion, which is the transport of matter associated with chemical concentration gradients (Fick's law), is treated as a separate process from thermal transport (the Soret effect), which is mass transport induced by temperature gradients. In the past few years, large variations in the proportions of isotopes of Mg, Ca, Fe, Si and O found in silicate melts subject to thermal gradients have been found, but no physical mechanism has been proposed. Here we present a model of diffusion in natural condensed systems that explains both the chemical and isotopic fractionation of Mg, Ca and Fe in high-temperature geochemical melts. Despite the high temperatures associated with these melts (T>1,000 °C), we find that consideration of the quantum-mechanical zero-point energy of diffusing species is essential for understanding diffusion at the isotopic level. Our model explains thermal and chemical mass transport as manifestations of the same underlying diffusion mechanism. This work promises to provide insights into mass-transport phenomena (diffusion and evaporation) and associated isotopic fractionations in a wide range of natural condensed systems, including the atmospheric water cycle, geological and geochemical systems and the early Solar System. This work might also be relevant to studies of mass transport in biological and nanotechnological condensed systems.     

Aluminium control of argon solubility in silicate melts under pressure

Understanding of the crystal chemistry of the Earth's deep mantle has evolved rapidly recently with the gradual acceptance of the importance of the effect of minor elements such as aluminium on the properties of major phases such as perovskite. In the early Earth, during its formation and segregation into rocky mantle and iron-rich core, it is likely that silicate liquids played a large part in the transport of volatiles to or from the deep interior. The importance of aluminium on solubility mechanisms at high pressure has so far received little attention, even though aluminium has long been recognized as exerting strong control on liquid structures at ambient conditions. Here we present constraints on the solubility of argon in aluminosilicate melt compositions up to 25 GPa and 3,000 K, using a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell. The argon contents reach a maximum that persists to pressures as high as 17 GPa (up to 500 km deep in an early magma ocean), well above that expected on the basis of Al-free melt experiments. A distinct drop in argon solubility observed over a narrow pressure range correlates well with the expected void loss in the melt structure predicted by recent molecular dynamics simulations. These results provide a process for noble gas sequestration in the mantle at various depths in a cooling magma ocean. The concept of shallow partial melting as a unique process for extracting noble gases from the early Earth, thereby defining the initial atmospheric abundance, may therefore be oversimplified.     

基于热分级法的双向拉伸聚丙烯专用料制样条件的优化

采用连续自成核退火法(SSA)热分级方法对双向拉伸聚丙烯专用料的分子链结构进行研究.设计用连续自成核退火热分级方法评价双向拉伸聚丙烯成模稳定性的实验方法,通过对双向拉伸聚丙烯专用料的制样过程进行分析,确定最适宜的制样条件.结果表明:最适宜的制样条件为样品在200℃条件下用压板压制,可以消除不同产地铝坩埚的影响,成模稳定性显著提高.     

多孔介质对太阳池热盐扩散影响实验研究

研究在太阳池底部增设多孔介质水层对太阳池热盐扩散的影响及对水体的传热特性和温度分布的影响.实验结果表明,多孔介质水层可以起到隔热保温作用.测量了石子水层和炉渣水层的热扩散率和导热系数,验证了炉渣水层的隔热保温性比纯水强;通过观测有多孔介质层与无多孔介质层以及不同材质、不同尺寸多孔介质等情况下的盐扩散规律,发现多孔介质层明显抑制了盐的扩散,有利于盐梯度的保持.     

AZ91镁合金热扩渗涂层的研究

采用固体粉末法对AZ91镁合金实施了渗Al、Al-Ce共渗．通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、能谱和腐蚀测量系统对渗层组织进行了分析．结果表明，该方法能使镁合金表面得到良好的渗层组织，有一定的工程意义．经检验渗Al、Al-Ce渗层均能提高镁合金的耐腐蚀性能，渗Al-ce的耐蚀性更是明显高于渗纯铝．     

Diatom carbon export enhanced by silicate upwelling in the northeast Atlantic

Diatoms are unicellular or chain-forming phytoplankton that use silicon (Si) in cell wall construction. Their survival during periods of apparent nutrient exhaustion enhances carbon sequestration in frontal regions of the northern North Atlantic. These regions may therefore have a more important role in the 'biological pump' than they have previously been attributed, but how this is achieved is unknown. Diatom growth depends on silicate availability, in addition to nitrate and phosphate, but northern Atlantic waters are richer in nitrate than silicate. Following the spring stratification, diatoms are the first phytoplankton to bloom. Once silicate is exhausted, diatom blooms subside in a major export event. Here we show that, with nitrate still available for new production, the diatom bloom is prolonged where there is a periodic supply of new silicate: specifically, diatoms thrive by 'mining' deep-water silicate brought to the surface by an unstable ocean front. The mechanism we present here is not limited to silicate fertilization; similar mechanisms could support nitrate-, phosphate- or iron-limited frontal regions in oceans elsewhere.     

Interstellar extinction by graphite, iron and silicate grains

Recent data on the interstellar extinction curve and on the diffuse galactic light may be accounted for by a mixture of graphite, iron and silicate grains.     

碳、氮同位素示踪法在农林业中的应用

对碳、氮同位素示踪法在相关的农林业研究中应用的基本原理、应用途径和方法及其研究进展进行了概括和总结。碳同位素主要应用于土壤碳循环、光合作用及其同化产物的传导和分布、植物水分利用效率、土地利用变化、农药残留代谢、降解和代谢等领域;氮同位素主要应用于农林N2O释放机理、固氮植物固氮量能力的分析以及氮素转化、氮肥利用率等方面的研究,为进一步在农林业及相关领域的应用提供参考。     

An interconnected network of core-forming melts produced by shear deformation

The formation mechanism of terrestrial planetary cores is still poorly understood, and has been the subject of numerous experimental studies. Several mechanisms have been proposed by which metal--mainly iron with some nickel--could have been extracted from a silicate mantle to form the core. Most recent models involve gravitational sinking of molten metal or metal sulphide through a partially or fully molten mantle that is often referred to as a 'magma ocean'. Alternative models invoke percolation of molten metal along an interconnected network (that is, porous flow) through a solid silicate matrix. But experimental studies performed at high pressures have shown that, under hydrostatic conditions, these melts do not form an interconnected network, leading to the widespread assumption that formation of metallic cores requires a magma ocean. In contrast, here we present experiments which demonstrate that shear deformation to large strains can interconnect a significant fraction of initially isolated pockets of metal and metal sulphide melts in a solid matrix of polycrystalline olivine. Therefore, in a dynamic (non-hydrostatic) environment, percolation remains a viable mechanism for the segregation and migration of core-forming melts in a solid silicate mantle.     

聚丙烯酰胺改性聚硅硫酸铁絮凝剂结构表征及絮凝性能

以无机高分子絮凝剂聚硅硫酸铁(PFSS)和非离子聚丙烯酰胺(NPAM)为原料,采用不同的配比,制备出复合絮凝剂PFSS-PAM.进行pH值、zeta电位、电导、硅铁聚合态含量、红外谱图表征和絮凝性能实验,确定絮凝效果最佳的PFSS与PAM的配比.结果表明:V(PFSS)∶V(PAM) =0.2的PFSS-PAM的稳定时间为5d,n(Si)∶n(Fe)=1,V(PFSS)∶V(PAM) =0.5时,投加量为0.4～1.2 mg/L,PFSS-PAM处理制药废水的去浊率可达99.1％,COD去除率可达26.6％.     

土钵培养法筛选硅酸盐细菌

30种硅酸盐细菌菌株用土钵培养法进行筛选,分别在培养30、60、90、180d用火焰光度计测定土壤中钾离子含量;在所有研究的30种菌株中,菌株新6在土钵培养60d后检测出最高的土壤有效钾净增率22．1％;菌株F1具有最高的总土壤有效钾净增率20％;对土壤总有效钾含量进行统计学分析,筛选出14种菌株具有显著的解钾能力。     

水玻璃固化黏土矿物的试验研究

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X线衍射(XRD)和X线光电子能谱(XPS),对常温下不同密度水玻璃固化的蒙脱石、伊利石和高岭石试样进行测试与分析.结果表明:黏土矿物由固化前的粒状、片状结构转变为固化后的团块状的网状结构.黏土矿物固化样中出现明显的非晶态弥散峰群,未出现新的晶体;固化样衍射强度变小、晶层间距变小、颗粒变得更细小,结晶构造有序性变差,但晶体主体依然是黏土矿物的晶体.固化样中,仅1.15 g/cm3水玻璃固化的蒙脱石样的Ca-2p电子结合能减少了0.624 6 eV,其余元素的相应值未变化.水玻璃固化黏土矿物的机理是:硅酸盐离子和硅酸胶粒在黏土矿物表面如蒙脱石的晶层平面与端面存在复杂的吸附作用,形成了团粒,具有很大表面能的团粒进一步失水缩聚,形成非晶质硅酸盐凝胶和晶质黏土矿物共存的网状结构产物,限制了黏土矿物的活性,固化了黏土矿物.     

Identification of multiple structural species in silicate glasses by 29Si NMR

Knowledge of the structure of silicate glasses is one key to understanding their chemical and physical properties, as well as those of the high-temperature liquids from which they form. Because first-neighbour ordering into SiO4 tetrahedra is well known, much of the recent discussion about glass structure has concerned intermediate-range order. One of the most fundamental questions that can be posed is the distribution of silicate tetrahedra with n bridging oxygens (shared between two tetrahedra), labelled as 'Qn' (0 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 4). This distribution is probably important in determining the properties of melts and glasses, but considerable controversy exists concerning the identification and quantification of such species. Here I present new evidence from 29Si NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy that clearly resolves one significant part of this dispute: at least in sodium silicate glasses, a variety of species is present that is greater than that required by composition alone.     

超细粉末材料改性水玻璃粘结剂

从几种可能的超细材料里面筛选出一种最合适的超细材料,就这种材料对水玻璃粘结剂的具体性能影响展开研究.结果表明:用经过特殊处理后的超细粉末材料改性水玻璃粘结剂,具有常温强度高、残留强度低等优点;超细粉末材料改性的水玻璃粘结剂采用酯硬化工艺,可使水玻璃粘结剂的加入量低于3.0%,在水玻璃砂常温强度有所提高的前提下,其溃散性显著改善.较佳的超细粉末材料改性水玻璃粘结剂的测试结果为(与不改性水玻璃相比):常温24h强度提高了30.7%,残留强度下降了40.1%.     

莫来石/硅酸盐低膨胀率粘接材料固化机理与结构性能

以硅酸钠水溶液、莫来石粉体为原料制备了低膨胀率的莫来石/硅酸盐粘接材料,并通过FT-IR、XRD、NMR等方法对不同温度下热处理的样品进行了表征。结果表明,材料的固化反应发生在室温与400℃之间,为硅酸钠水溶液中的链式或环式聚硅酸、莫来石粉体上的铝羟基间缩合脱水反应,构建了以硅、氧、铝为主的三维体型网状结构;所制备的具有低膨胀系数的莫来石/硅酸盐粘接材料在100～400℃的温度范围,线膨胀系数为(1.2～3.7)×10-6K-1,600℃时线膨胀系数最大为1.45×10-5K-1,套接压缩剪切强度达25MPa。     

Diffusion mechanism in molten salt baths during the production of carbide coatings via thermal reactive diffusion

The diffusion mechanism of carbide-forming elements from a molten salt bath to a substrate surface was studied in this research, with particular focus on the processes occurring in the molten bath at the time of coating. Metal, oxide, and metal-oxide baths were investigated, and the coating process was performed on H13 steel substrates. Scanning electron microscopy and electron-probe microanalysis were used to study the coated samples and the quenched salt bath. The thickness of the carbide coating layer was 6.5 ±0.5, 5.2 ±0.5, or 5.7 ±0.5 μm depending on whether it was deposited in a metal, oxide, or metal-oxide bath, respectively. The phase distribution of vanadium-rich regions was 63%, 57%, and 74% of the total coating deposited in metal, oxide, and metal-oxide baths, respectively. The results obtained using the metal bath indicated that undissolved suspended metal particles deposited onto the substrate surface. Then, carbon subsequently diffused to the substrate surface and reacted with the metal particles to form the carbides. In the oxide bath, oxide powders dissolved in the bath with or without binding to the oxidative structure (Na₂O) of borax; they were then reduced by aluminum and converted into metal particles. We concluded that, in the metal and oxide baths, the deposition of metal particles onto the sample surface is an important step in the formation of the coating.     

基于非对称场流分离研究玉米淀粉糊化

研究了氢氧化钠溶解法和二甲基亚砜溶解法对玉米淀粉结构的影响.采用非对称场流分离系统与多角度激光光散射检测器、示差折光检测器联用技术分离表征了玉米淀粉.同时,通过扫描电子显微镜、X线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱和差示扫描量热法对不同溶解方法得到的玉米淀粉凝胶的形貌和结构进行了表征.研究结果表明,氢氧化钠溶解法可以分解直链淀粉-脂质复合物,使非对称场流分离联用技术测得的玉米淀粉的粒径和摩尔质量分布更精确.