超顺磁磁铁矿磁接收器磁学模型

生物磁铁矿磁接收器理论模型包括单畴磁铁矿磁接收器模型和超顺磁磁铁矿磁接收器模型.蜜蜂体内存在典型的超顺磁磁铁矿颗粒.本文以蜜蜂为例,从磁学理论角度出发,定性的探讨了超顺磁磁铁矿磁接收器的磁学模型和工作机制.在外磁场作用下,每个超顺磁颗粒会受到力的作用,同时伴随着尺寸沿着一定方向的收缩和扩张.超顺磁颗粒把力以及扩张收缩作用传递给外面的生物膜及生物骨架(埋藏在神经系统中)从而产生相应的神经信号,而多个超顺磁颗粒磁接收系统的存在会放大和加强信号的产生.     

单畴磁铁矿磁接收器磁学模型

很多生物可以利用地磁场辨别方向和方位,而生物磁铁矿被广泛发现存在于这些生物体中,研究者认为,生物磁铁矿与周围组织(包括神经组织)构成磁接收器,它在与外界磁场的相互作用中,将外界磁场信息转化成神经信息促使生物作出相应的反应;生物磁铁矿磁接收器理论包括单畴磁铁矿磁接收器模型和超顺磁磁铁矿磁接收器模型;趋磁细菌体内存在典型的单畴磁铁矿颗粒,本文中,以趋磁细菌为例,从磁学理论角度出发,定性的探讨了单畴磁铁矿磁接收器的磁学模型和工作机制:在外磁场中,外面包围着生物膜的单畴晶体会受到力的作用,单畴晶体把力转加给生物膜,再被生物膜中的机械感受器接收到,再转变为刺激信号,引起细胞相应的运动行为;或者是,磁铁矿粒子通过与生物膜的结合,把受到的力转变为打开或关闭离子通道,影响离子的流入,跨膜电势发生改变,从而产生刺激信号;多个单畴晶体及膜的存在会导致信号的增加与放大.     

生物磁铁矿与磁接收器

很多生物的行为受到地磁场的影响, 并利用地磁场作为长距离迁移和飞行的信息. 研究者认为, 这些生物体内存在磁接收器, 是磁接收器接收到地磁信息并传递给神经组织. 由于生物磁铁矿在生物体中的广泛存在, 以生物磁铁矿为基础的磁接收器机制被提出. 本文中主要综述了生物磁铁矿的物理特性、与神经组织的关系、以生物磁铁矿为基础的磁接收器模型以及某些实验验证结果     

磁铁矿磁感受器神经信号转换过程

生物中磁感受器机制是理解生物磁导航的生物物理机制,磁信息转换成神经信息的过程是这一机制的核心,但是仍然处于假设阶段.本文中首先综述了电磁感应机制、基于磁蛋白的磁感知机制和磁铁矿纳米颗粒的磁感知机制中神经信号转变过程,最后提出了从理论上认识磁铁矿磁感受器神经信号转换过程的可能途径.     

基于均匀化方法的磁流变弹性体磁致剪切行为

基于均匀化方法,分析磁流变弹性体颗粒间磁场的相互作用和基体磁场对颗粒的影响,进而研究磁流变弹性体的磁致剪切行为及磁致剪切模量.结果表明,颗粒磁导率的变化对磁流变弹性体磁致剪切行为与磁致剪切模量的影响不大;当颗粒体积分数为30%时,磁致剪切模量取得最大值,其整体变化规律与实验数据基本吻合,可预测磁流变弹性体磁致剪切行为的最佳颗粒体积分数.     

生物体内纳米磁性矿物质（Fe3O4）的磁畴结构研究

分析了磁铁矿粒子的单畴临界尺寸,表明生物体内的纳米磁铁矿粒子具有单畴特性.分别讨论了石鳖、趋磁细菌及蜜蜂体内纳米磁铁矿粒子的磁畴结构及磁矩分布,探讨了与地磁场相互作用下它们的生物导航功能机制.     

生物体内纳米磁性矿物质（Fe3O4）的磁畴结构研究

分析了磁铁矿粒子的单畴临界尺寸，表明生物体内的纳米磁铁矿粒子具有单畴特性。分别讨论了石鳖、趋磁细菌及蜜蜂体内纳米磁铁矿粒子的磁畴结构及磁矩分布，探讨了与地磁场相互作用下它们的生物导航功能机制。     

磁铁矿粒径精细变化下的磁性特征研究

在古地磁学研究中，精细粒径磁性样品中能否提取有效古地磁信息是古地磁学研究能否顺利开展的前提条件。基于这一问题，应用MERRILL软件对30 nm、60 nm、88 nm、150 nm截角八面体磁铁矿颗粒进行多次微磁模拟，发现:1)在常温下单畴(single domain,SD)、易轴指向单涡(easy-axis aligned single vortex,ESV)颗粒具有较高且稳定的矫顽力，而难轴指向单涡(hard-axis aligned single vortex,HSV)颗粒则存在波动; 2)温度变化情况下，SD、ESV颗粒依旧保持较强的热稳定性，而HSV颗粒依旧存在波动。据此，推断SD结构与ESV结构磁铁矿颗粒可以作为古地磁学研究的良好信息载体。总之，该项研究在一定程度上拓宽了良好载磁颗粒的粒径范围，从而提高了有效古地磁信息的提取。     

磁流化床烟气脱硫反应特性研究

提出了把磁流化床技术应用于烟气脱硫的新思路,并研制了一套磁流化床脱硫实验装置.分析了磁场和铁磁颗粒的催化作用,明确在流化床外施加一个磁场且采用铁磁颗粒作为床料,可以增加流化床内的脱硫反应几率和反应效率.多种工况下的脱硫实验验证了磁流化床强化脱硫的理论分析,当采用床料dp=220 μm铁磁颗粒,施加外加磁场的磁感应强度B=40 mT,钙硫质量比m(Ca)/m(S)=1.85,入口烟气温度T0=250 ℃的工况条件下进行脱硫,获得了85.93%的脱硫效率.实验结果还表明,脱硫效率随着磁性颗粒粒径的变小或磁感应强度的增大而增加.     

趋磁细菌与磁小体的研究

趋磁细菌是一类能够在一定的磁场内按磁力线方向运动的细菌,菌体内含有磁性颗粒,称磁小体.磁小体具有重要的应用价值.目前,对趋磁细菌的开发和利用主要是在磁性记录材料、分离技术和医疗卫生等方面.     

Magnetoreception and its trigeminal mediation in the homing pigeon

Two conflicting hypotheses compete to explain how a homing pigeon can return to its loft over great distances. One proposes the use of atmospheric odours and the other the Earth's magnetic field in the 'map' step of the 'map and compass' hypothesis of pigeon homing. Although magnetic effects on pigeon orientation provide indirect evidence for a magnetic 'map', numerous conditioning experiments have failed to demonstrate reproducible responses to magnetic fields by pigeons. This has led to suggestions that homing pigeons and other birds have no useful sensitivity to the Earth's magnetic field. Here we demonstrate that homing pigeons (Columba livia) can discriminate between the presence and absence of a magnetic anomaly in a conditioned choice experiment. This discrimination is impaired by attachment of a magnet to the cere, local anaesthesia of the upper beak area, and bilateral section of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, but not of the olfactory nerve. These results suggest that magnetoreception (probably magnetite-based) occurs in the upper beak area of the pigeon. Traditional methods of rendering pigeons anosmic might therefore cause simultaneous impairment of magnetoreception so that future orientation experiments will require independent evaluation of the pigeon's magnetic and olfactory systems.     

Chemical compass model of avian magnetoreception

Approximately 50 species, including birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, crustaceans and insects, are known to use the Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation. Birds in particular have been intensively studied, but the biophysical mechanisms that underlie the avian magnetic compass are still poorly understood. One proposal, based on magnetically sensitive free radical reactions, is gaining support despite the fact that no chemical reaction in vitro has been shown to respond to magnetic fields as weak as the Earth's ( approximately 50 muT) or to be sensitive to the direction of such a field. Here we use spectroscopic observation of a carotenoid-porphyrin-fullerene model system to demonstrate that the lifetime of a photochemically formed radical pair is changed by application of < or =50 microT magnetic fields, and to measure the anisotropic chemical response that is essential for its operation as a chemical compass sensor. These experiments establish the feasibility of chemical magnetoreception and give insight into the structural and dynamic design features required for optimal detection of the direction of the Earth's magnetic field.     

Lateralization of magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird

Lateralization of brain functions, once believed to be a human characteristic, has now been found to be widespread among vertebrates. In birds, asymmetries of visual functions are well studied, with each hemisphere being specialized for different tasks. Here we report lateralized functions of the birds' visual system associated with magnetoperception, resulting in an extreme asymmetry of sensing the direction of the magnetic field. We found that captive migrants tested in cages with the magnetic field as the only available orientation cue were well oriented in their appropriate migratory direction when using their right eye only, but failed to show a significant directional preference when using their left eye. This implies that magnetoreception for compass orientation, assumed to take place in the eyes alongside the visual processes, is strongly lateralized, with a marked dominance of the right eye/left brain hemisphere.     

Cryptochrome mediates light-dependent magnetosensitivity in Drosophila

Although many animals use the Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation, the precise biophysical mechanisms underlying magnetic sensing have been elusive. One theoretical model proposes that geomagnetic fields are perceived by chemical reactions involving specialized photoreceptors. However, the specific photoreceptor involved in such magnetoreception has not been demonstrated conclusively in any animal. Here we show that the ultraviolet-A/blue-light photoreceptor cryptochrome (Cry) is necessary for light-dependent magnetosensitive responses in Drosophila melanogaster. In a binary-choice behavioural assay for magnetosensitivity, wild-type flies show significant naive and trained responses to a magnetic field under full-spectrum light ( approximately 300-700 nm) but do not respond to the field when wavelengths in the Cry-sensitive, ultraviolet-A/blue-light part of the spectrum (<420 nm) are blocked. Notably, Cry-deficient cry(0) and cry(b) flies do not show either naive or trained responses to a magnetic field under full-spectrum light. Moreover, Cry-dependent magnetosensitivity does not require a functioning circadian clock. Our work provides, to our knowledge, the first genetic evidence for a Cry-based magnetosensitive system in any animal.     

Fe/In2O3颗粒膜的特殊磁相变

用射频溅射法成功制备了金属/半导体型磁性颗粒膜Fex(In2O3)1-x.磁测量表明,从室温至低温(300～1.5K)的温度范围内,样品经历了由超顺磁性向超顺磁性、铁磁性共存的混合态-类反铁磁性的特殊磁相变过程,由此提出该颗粒膜中Fe颗粒的尺度有大小两种类型.     

Magnetic properties of street dust and topsoil in Beijing and its environmental implications

Environmental magnetic measurements were carried out on the sanrhples of street dust and topsoil, which were collected along the roadway in the urban and suburb of Beijing, including magnetic susceptibility （X）, anhysteretic remanent magnetization （ARM）, isothermal remanent magnetization （IRM） of all samples and temperature-dependence of magnetic susceptibilities and magnetic hysteresis parameters of representative samples. Obvious differences exist between the samples of street dust and those of topsoil. Compared with topsoil samples, the concentration of magnetic particles and high-coercivity components in street dust samples are higher, and the magnetic grains are coarser. Both dust and topsoil samples are dominated by ferrimagnetic minerals, and iron particles are only detected in some dust samples. These results suggest that street dust samples reflect the characteris- tic of particles produced by industrial and traffic activities, and the magnetic property of topsoil sam- ples represents the characteristic of particles from both anthropogenic and natural sources. The distribution of magnetic parameters is influenced by the environment where the samples are collected, like industry, traffic density and other road conditions. Hard isothermal remanent magnetization （HIRM） may be used as an indicator of particles produced by traffic activity. Dust storm samples collected on 17 and 18 April, 2006 have different magnetic properties from street dust and natural particles, like loess and paleosol, which indicate that the dust storm might be mixed with anthropogenic particulates during transport and falling.     

磁性纳米颗粒的磁特性研究

基于Monte Carlo数值模拟,研究了具有近邻与次近邻交换耦合作用的Heisenberg体心立方晶格结构纳米颗粒的磁性质.研究表明,近邻和次近邻交换耦合作用的相互竞争将形成不同的磁有序.利用不同的序参量来表征不同的磁有序,给出了交换作用的大小和类型以及尺寸大小等对纳米颗粒的磁化强度、相变行为的影响.理论计算结果较好地解释了实验事实.     

斯通纳粒子LLG方程的线性稳定性分析

利用微分方程线性稳定性判据,分析了斯通纳粒子LLG方程的动力学性质.随着外加磁场的增强,LLG方程的不动点发生从中心到鞍点或鞍点到中心的转换.当磁场垂直于易轴时,转换后的中心不在易轴上,仅当磁场平行于易轴时才存在不依赖磁场的不动点,且在某个磁场范围内可以发生所期待的沿易轴的两种取向m0 和-m0 的转换.