植物基因工程中的转基因沉默机制

植物转基因沉默可以发生在染色体DNA、转录和转录后三种不同的层次上,转录水平基因沉默机制涉及DNA甲基化、位置效应、重复序列、同源序列等作用。转录后水平基因沉默机制常用RNA域值模型、异常RNA模型、双链RNA模型、未成熟翻译终止模型等解释。目前没有一种通用的模型可以解释所有的转基因沉默现象,但不同模型从不同方面解释了转基因机制的某些方面。     

植物转基因沉默的原因及对策

转基因植物中转基因沉默已成为植物基因工程的一大障碍,转基因沉默的原因是多方面的,可能是由于转录前外源基因和内源基因的结构特性、伴置效应以及宿主植物的遗传调控;也可能是因为转录时启动子、转录因子和终止子的作用;还可能是由于转录后的修饰作用、外源基因表达特异性和环境等因素。为了克服转基因植物中转基因沉默,可以采取下列对策：选择适宜的外源基因和调控元件、采用适当的转化方法、使用更加简便快捷的筛选策略等。     

植物转基因沉默的发生机理和应用

随着转基因技术在农业生产等领域的深入发展,转基因沉默现象已引起越来越多人的关注.基因沉默的机制是多方面的,包括转基因的拷贝数和构型、在植物上的整合位点、转基因的转录水平等.研究基因沉默的原因并寻找相应的方法来进行控制,对于植物基因工程的发展以及转基因沉默的应用有着重要的意义.     

植物基因沉默的研究进展

植物抗病毒机制是目前研究的热点.在长期的进化过程中,植物形成了一系列复杂有效的防御机制来抵御、破坏病原物的侵染.近年来,基因沉默作为一个重要的细胞内防御外源核酸的机制,越来越受到科学家的重视.对这一领域的研究不仅能够了解基因沉默的机理,并且可以为利用该机制构建抗病毒转基因植物提供理论指导和技术支持.     

RNA干扰技术在植物中的应用研究进展

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是一项新的分子生物学技术,是外源和内源性双链RNA(double-strands RNA,dsRNA)在生物体内诱导同源靶基因的mRNA特异性降解,从而导致转录后基因沉默的现象。目前,RNAi及相关沉默反应的机制在植物中的研究取得了重大进展,在此对RNAi在植物功能基因组分析、抗逆性、抗病虫害和农作物遗传改良等方面的研究进行概述,以期为RNAi技术在植物上的深入研究提供参考。     

植物基因表达的调控

本文系统地讨论了植物基因表达的调控，提出了转录水平的Ｂｒｉｔｔｅｎ和Ｄａｖｉｉｄｓｏｎ的调节模式、ＲＮＡ加工调节的ＳｎＲＮＡ、转译水平调节的释译增强子以及基因调节的组织区域性和发育阶段性等概念。     

转基因植物中外源基因的有效表达及其安全性评价

综述了在转基因植物中实现外源基因高效表达的多种途径 ,其中包括启动了优化 ,转译序列的修饰 ,信号肽的使用 ,叶绿体的转化以及转基因沉默的控制 ,同时还介绍了外源基因在转基因后代中的遗传稳定性以及转基因植物的安全性问题     

病毒诱导的基因沉默及其在植物功能基因组学研究中的应用

病毒诱导的基因沉默(VIGS)是植物体中天然存在的一种抵御外源核酸入侵的防御系统,正常情况下保护植物免受病毒的侵染.植物的这种防御机制可被病毒RNA激活,属于转录后基因沉默现象.如果在病毒载体中插入目标基因片段,侵染寄主植物后,植物会表现出目标基因功能丧失或表达水平下降的表型.利用这种机制,可以确定基因功能.目前,这种技术有望发展成为一种简单、快速、高通量的分析已知序列基因功能的方法.文中综述了VIGS技术的原理与发展,并讨论该技术在植物功能基因组学研究中的应用前景.     

在大肠杆菌中利用反义RNA抑制乙肝病毒（HBV）X基因的表达

将乙肝病毒（ＨＢＶ）ａｙｗ株完整的Ｘ基因正向重组到原核表达质粒ｐＢＶ－２２１的ＰＬ启动子下游，得到能表达Ｘ蛋白的重组质粒ｐＢＶ－ＨＢＶ（＋）；同时将Ｘ基因反向重组到原核表达质粒ｐＢＶ－２２０的ＰＬ启动子下游，得到能转录Ｘ基因反义ＲＮＡ的重组质粒ｐＢＶ－ＨＢＸ（－）。利用这两个质粒，构建出能同时转录Ｘ基因ｍＲＮＡ和反义ＲＮＡ的重组质粒ｐＥＸ。ＡＮ－ＨＢＸ，并在原核水平上，证实了反义ＲＮＡ对Ｘ基因的表     

衣藻的核基因组转化及外源基因转录分析

通过珠磨法将衣藻表达载体pSP108转入到莱茵衣藻细胞壁缺陷型CC-400藻株中,经抗性筛选及PCR鉴定,获得了24个转化藻株.在抗性基因ble编码序列的中间部位和末端部位分别设计两对不同的探针引物,运用实时荧光定量PCR对转基因藻株进行外源基因转录水平的分析.结果发现:不同转化藻株外源基因的转录水平有明显差异;同一转化藻株两对探针引物,外源基因的转录水平也存在差异.说明莱茵衣藻在转化过程中,外源基因整合到基因组上的片段数量及片段长度和完整性具有不确定性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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Brief Introduction to “Journal of Jilin University( Science Edition) ”

<正>"Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition)"is a comprehensive academic journal in the fields of science sponsored by Jilin University and administrated by the Ministry of Education of the Peoples Republic of China.The journal started publication in 1955.The original name at starting publication was"Journal of Natural Science of Northeast People University",which was changed into"Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Jilinensis"in 1958 owing to the name change of the university.The present journal name has